04 February 2025 : Clinical Research
Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels as a Predictor of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Hsiao-Hui Yang
ABCDEFG 1,2,3, Yen-Cheng Chen ABDFG 1,2, Chin-Hung Liu BCD 4,5, Bang-Gee Hsu ABCDEFG 2,3,6*
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.947197
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e947197
Table 1 Clinical variables of the 98 kidney transplantation recipients with or without peripheral artery disease.
| Characteristics | All patients (n=98) | Normal-ABI group (n=76) | Low-ABI group (n=22) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.15±10.54 | 53.37±10.18 | 56.86±11.53 | 0.172 |
| Post-KT duration (months) | 90.55±57.64 | 85.29±54.01 | 108.73±66.95 | 0.093 |
| Height (cm) | 162.16±7.42 | 162.05±7.55 | 162.55±7.15 | 0.786 |
| Body weight (kg) | 66.00±11.81 | 65.19±11.02 | 68.82±14.12 | 0.206 |
| Body mass index (kg/m) | 25.07±3.88 | 24.82±3.67 | 25.95±4.54 | 0.230 |
| Left ankle brachial index | 1.04±0.14 | 1.09±0.10 | 0.85±0.13 | <0.001* |
| Right ankle brachial index | 1.06±0.14 | 1.11±0.09 | 0.89±0.13 | <0.001* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139.51±16.47 | 138.38±16.60 | 143.41±15.77 | 0.209 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.70±8.64 | 83.21±8.55 | 80.95±8.95 | 0.283 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.04±40.43 | 184.69±40.91 | 186.27±39.65 | 0.872 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 122.00 (87.00–168.75) | 129.50 (90.75–172.25) | 113.50 (79.50–162.00) | 0.205 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.37±17.24 | 51.69±14.65 | 54.68±24.38 | 0.477 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 102.86±29.88 | 103.25±30.74 | 101.50±27.38 | 0.810 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 94.50 (89.00–110.00) | 96.00 (89.25–110.00) | 92.50 (84.25–113.00) | 0.233 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 25.00 (17.00–35.00) | 25.00 (17.00–34.75) | 27.50 (16.00–44.25) | 0.615 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.49 (1.18–2.10) | 1.45 (1.20–1.95) | 1.90 (0.86–2.32) | 0.936 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 48.96±25.47 | 47.81±22.97 | 52.91±33.05 | 0.412 |
| Intact parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 90.00 (52.13–156.03) | 97.45 (54.38–159.78) | 73.80 (38.80–126.23) | 0.191 |
| TMAO (μg/L) | 8.46 (4.98–15.83) | 6.29 (4.25–11.73) | 30.59 (9.10–73.16) | <0.001* |
| Female (n, %) | 48 (49.0) | 37 (48.7) | 11 (50.0) | 0.913 |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 31 (31.6) | 20 (26.3) | 11 (50.0) | 0.035* |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 43 (43.9) | 31 (40.8) | 12 (54.5) | 0.252 |
| Living donor (n, %) | 16 (16.3) | 11 (14.5) | 5 (22.7) | 0.356 |
| Tacrolimus use (n, %) | 73 (74.5) | 56 (73.7) | 17 (77.3) | 0.734 |
| Mycophenolate mofetil use (n, %) | 76 (77.6) | 60 (78.9) | 16 (72.7) | 0.538 |
| Steroid use (n, %) | 85 (86.7) | 66 (86.8) | 19 (86.4) | 0.954 |
| Rapamycin use (n, %) | 25 (25.5) | 19 (25.0) | 6 (27.6) | 0.829 |
| Cyclosporine use (n, %) | 18 (18.4) | 13 (17.1) | 5 (22.7) | 0.549 |
| Statin use (n, %) | 38 (38.8) | 32 (42.1) | 6 (27.3) | 0.209 |
| Fibrate use (n, %) | 21 (21.4) | 16 (21.1) | 5 (22.7) | 0.866 |
| Values for continuous variables are shown as mean±standard deviation after analysis by test; variables not normally distributed are shown as median and interquartile range after analysis by the Mann-Whitney U test; values are presented as number (%) and analysis after analysis by the chi-square test. ABI – ankle brachial indices; KT – kidney transplantation; HDL-C – high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C – low density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; TMAO – trimethylamine -oxide. * | ||||