Antitumor Alkaloids in Tibetan Corydalis: Chemical Diversity and Pharmacological Insights

Linguo Cao; Lijun Liu; Yanyan Wang; Jiaqing Liu; Zuowu Xi

doi:10.12659/MSM.947268

25 June 2025 : Review article

Antitumor Alkaloids in Tibetan Corydalis: Chemical Diversity and Pharmacological Insights

Linguo Cao^{ABE 1}, Lijun Liu^{C 2}, Yanyan Wang^{D 1}, Jiaqing Liu^{E 1}, Zuowu Xi^{EFG 3*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.947268

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e947268

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Introduction Phytochemical Research Pharmacologically Guided Q-Marker Discovery: From Compound Identification to Mechanistic Elucidation Chemotaxonomic Profiling: From Species Differentiation to Geo-Authenticity Assessment Analytical Technology Revolution: From Single-Component Quantification to Multi-Omics Integration Tradition Meets Innovation: Processing and Compatibility-Driven Q-Marker Modulation Clinical Applications Cell Cycle Arrest Induction of Tumor Cell Apoptosis Regulation of the MAPK Signaling Pathway Suppression of Tumor Angiogenesis Conclusions Future Directions References

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Table 3 Alkaloids isolated from Corydalis species employed as Tibetan medicines.

No	Compound	CAS	Structure type	Ref.
1	13-oxoprotopine	15211-02-6	I	[]¹⁶
2	Cryptopine	482-74-6	I	[]¹⁷
3	Izmirine	89117-94-2	I	[]¹⁸
4	Protopine	130-86-9	I	[–]¹⁹
5	Pseudoprotopine	24240-05-9	I	[,]²²
6	α-Allocryptopine	485-91-6	I	[]²⁴
7	β-Allocryptopine	24240-04-8	I	[]²⁵
8	(−)-Corypalmine	6018-40-2	II	[]²⁶
9	(−) -Corycarpinc	–	II	[]²⁶
10	(+)-Cavidine	32728-75-9	II	[]²⁷
11	(+)-Sinacthe	–	II	[]²⁸
12	8-Oxycoptisine	19716-61-1	II	[]²⁹
13	9, 10-dihydroxy-2, 3-dimethoxytetrahydroprotoberberine	–	II	[]³⁰
14	Apocavidine	32728-76-0	II	[,]³¹
15	Berberine	131-10-2	II	[]²⁶
16	Canadine	522-97-4	II	[]²⁶
17	Cheilanthifoline	483-44-3	II	[,]²⁶
18	Coptisine	3486-66-6	II	[]²⁶
19	Coreximine	6719-49-9	II	[]²
20	Dehydrocavidine	83218-34-2	II	[,]³²
21	Dehydrocheilanthifoline	38691-95-1	II	[]³⁴
22	Dehydroisocorypalmine	3621-36-1	II	[]²⁶
23	Isoapocavidine	616213-11-7	II	[]²⁰
24	Palmatine	3486-67-7	II	[]³⁵
25	Racemosine A	–	II	[]²³
26	Scoulerine	6451-73-6	II	[]³⁶
27	Sinactine	522-96-3	II	[]³⁶
28	Tetrahydroberberrubine	17388-17-9	II	[]²¹
29	Tetrahydrocolumbamine	483-34-1	II	[,]²⁶
30	Tetrahydrocoptisine	4312-32-7	II	[]²³
31	Tetrahydrocorysamine	32043-26-8	II	[]³⁸
32	Tetrahydroepiberberine	38853-67-7	II	[]²⁰
33	Tetrahydropalmatine	2934-97-6	II	[]³⁹
34	Tetrahydrothalifendine	4668-22-8	II	[]⁴⁰
35	(+)-Bicuculline	485-49-4	III	[]⁴⁰
36	(S)-Stylopine	84-39-9	III	[]⁴¹
37	(±)-hypecorinine	117020-73-2	III	[]²¹
38	9-methyl-decumbenine C	1166335-84-7	III	[]⁴²
39	Adlumine	38184-69-9	III	[]²¹
40	Bicuculline	485-49-4	III	[]²⁰
41	Capnoidine	485-50-7	III	[]⁴³
42	Corlumidine	25344-54-1	III	[]⁴⁴
43	Corlumine	485-51-8	III	[]³²
44	Hydrastine	118-08-1	III	[]⁴⁵
45	6-acetonylacetylcorynoline	–	IV	[,]³⁵
46	6-Acetylambinine	96935-27-2	IV	[]⁴⁷
47	8-acetonydihydrosan- guinarine (6-acetonyl-5, 6-dihydrosanguinarine)	–	IV	[]³⁵
48	Acetylcorynoline	18797-80-3	IV	[]⁴⁸
49	Ambiguanine A	1433460-91-3	IV	[]⁴⁷
50	Ambiguanine B	1433460-98-0	IV	[]⁴⁷
51	Ambiguanine C	1621607-90-6	IV	[]⁴⁷
52	Corynoline	18797-79-0	IV	[]⁴⁹
53	Curviflorain A	2488784-48-9	IV	[]⁴⁷
54	Curviflorain B	2488784-49-0	IV	[]⁴⁷
55	Dihydrosanguinarine	3606-45-9	IV	[]²¹
56	Isocorynoline	475-67-2	IV	[]²⁶
57	Sanguinarine	2447-54-3	IV	[]²⁶
58	(S)-bulocapnine	–	V	[]³⁰
59	Cassythicine	5890-28-8	V	[]⁴⁰
60	Corytuberine	517-56-6	V	[]²³
61	Magnoflorine	2141/9/5	V	[]³⁰
62	N-methylcalycinine	86537-66-8	V	[]⁴⁰
63	Corysolidine	56816-35-4	VI	[]⁴⁷
64	Norochotensimine	1292770-04-7	VI	[]⁴⁰
65	Ochotensimine	4829-36-1	VI	[]⁵⁰
66	Ochrobirine	24181-64-4	VI	[]²
67	Sibiricine	64397-10-0	VI	[,]³⁴
68	Yenhusomidine	56435-44-0	VI	[]³²
69	Yenhusomine	–	VI	[]³²
70	(−)-oblongine	60008-01-7	VII	[]³²
71	(+)-Reticuline	485-19-8	VII	[]³²
72	1, 2, 3, 4-tet-rahydro-6-methoxy-1-[4-hydroxyphenyl]methyl-7-isoquinolinol	–	VII	[]⁵²
73	1, 2, 3, 4-tet-rahydro-7-methoxy-1-[4-hydroxyphenyl]methyl-8-isoquinolinol	–	VII	[]⁵³
74	Henderine	102686-11-3	VII	[]⁵³
75	Taliensineside	4668-22-8	VII	[]¹⁴
76	(−)-Pallidine	25650-75-3	VIII	[]²³
77	(−)-Sinoacutine	4090-18-0	VIII	[]²³
78	Corysamine	30243-28-8	VIII	[]⁵⁴
79	Sibiricine	64397-10-0	VIII	[]¹⁴
80	13-oxocryptopine	15215-66-4	IX	[]⁵⁰
81	Noroxyhydrastinine	21796-14-5	IX	[]²³
82	Oxohydrastinine	552-29-4	IX	[]⁵¹
83	Indole-3-carbadehyde	487-89-8	X	[]²³
84	Pyrrolezanthine	500574-37-8	XI	[]²³
85	(+)-Humosine A	11014-02-1	XII	[]⁵¹
86	(−)-magnocurarine	6801-40-7	XII	[]¹⁶
87	(−)-7′-O-methylegenine	–	XII	[]⁵¹
88	(±)corynoline	68035-45-0	XII	[]⁵⁵
89	1,1-dimethyl-6-methoxy-7-hydroxyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline	–	XII	[]⁴⁷
90	6, 7-methylenedioxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinonenoroxyhydrastinine	–	XII	[]³⁶
91	8-methoxydihydrosanguinarine	1194396-25-2	XII	[]²¹
92	Amprotropine	134-53-2	XII	[]²³
93	Corynoxine	6877-32-3	XII	[]¹⁴
94	Corypalline	450-14-6	XII	[]⁵⁶
95	Coryximine	127460-61-1	XII	[]⁴⁷
96	Dehydrocorypalline	72142-82-6	XII	[]⁵⁷
97	Fumaramine	30341-99-2	XII	[]²³
98	Hendersine B	2035503-96-7	XII	[]⁴⁷
99	Isochotensine	–	XII	[]⁴⁷
100	Jatrorrhizine	3621-38-3	XII	[]²³
101	Maclekarpine E	1228559-79-2	XII	[]²³
102	Mucroniferanine A	2218471-48-6	XII	[]²¹
103	Mucroniferanine B	2218471-49-7	XII	[]²¹
104	Mucroniferanine C	2218471-50-0	XII	[]²¹
105	Mucroniferanine D	2218471-51-1	XII	[]²¹
106	Mucroniferanine E	2218471-52-2	XII	[]²¹
107	Mucroniferanine F	2218471-53-3	XII	[]²¹
108	Mucroniferanine G	2218471-54-4	XII	[]²¹
109	Ochotensine	4959-88-0	XII	[]⁵²
110	Racemosine B	–	XII	[]²³
111	Rhoeagenine	5574-77-6	XII	[]²
112	Thalifendine	18207-71-1	XII	[]²³
I. Proto-opioid alkaloids; II. Berberine alkaloids; III. Berberine alkaloids; IV. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids; V. Spirobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids; VI. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids; VII. Apophenoid alkaloids; VIII. Phenanthrene alkaloids; IX. Curalin alkaloids; X. Indole alkaloids; XI. Pyrrole alkaloids; XII. Other alkaloids.

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Antitumor Alkaloids in Tibetan Corydalis: Chemical Diversity and Pharmacological Insights

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