03 April 2025 : Review article
Current Strategies for Managing Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma in Children and Adolescents
Aneta Michalczewska
ADEF 1*, Urszula Ambroziak DEF 2, Piotr Skrzypczyk ADEFG 3
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.947277
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e947277
Introduction
Incidence and Prevalence
Genetic Basis
Clinical Presentation
Biochemical Testing
Imaging Studies
Screening in Families
Pharmacological Treatment
Perioperative Management
Surgical Treatment
Treatment of Metastatic Tumors
Treatment of Recurrent Tumors
Surveillance
Personalized Management
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
Table 2 Medications that can cause hypertensive crisis in patients with PPGL [1,12].
| Drug class | Examples of drugs |
|---|---|
| Corticosteroids | Prednisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, betamethasone |
| Dopamine-2 antagonists | Metoclopramide, sulpiride, amisulpride, tiapride, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, droperidol |
| Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (including tricyclic antidepressants) | Imipramine, clomipramine, amitriptyline |
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors | Tranylcypromine, moclobemide, phenelzine |
| Sympathomimetics | Ephedrine, amphetamine, pseudoephedrine, fenfluramine, methylphenidate, phentermine, dexamfetamine |
| Peptide hormones | ACTH, glucagon |
| Anesthetics | Succinylcholine, tubocurarine, atracurium |
| β-adrenoreceptor blockers | Propranolol, sotalol, timolol, nadolol, labetalol |
| Opioid analgesics | Morphine, pethidine, tramadol |
| PPGL – pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma; ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone. | |