03 April 2025 : Review article
Current Strategies for Managing Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma in Children and Adolescents
Aneta Michalczewska
ADEF 1*, Urszula Ambroziak DEF 2, Piotr Skrzypczyk ADEFG 3
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.947277
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e947277
Introduction
Incidence and Prevalence
Genetic Basis
Clinical Presentation
Biochemical Testing
Imaging Studies
Screening in Families
Pharmacological Treatment
Perioperative Management
Surgical Treatment
Treatment of Metastatic Tumors
Treatment of Recurrent Tumors
Surveillance
Personalized Management
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
Table 3 Frequency of symptoms of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Adapted from Barontini et al (2006) [33].
| Symptom | Frequency of reporting in patients <20 years old (%) | Frequency of reporting in patients >20 years old (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Persistent arterial hypertension, often fluctuating | 93 | 68 |
| Paroxysmal arterial hypertension | 7 | 26 |
| Headache | 95 | 90 |
| Excessive sweating | 90 | 92 |
| Palpitations | 35 | 72 |
| Weight loss | 15 | 72 |