05 September 2025 : Clinical Research
Frailty and Cognitive Decline in Hospitalized Elderly Patients: Associations with Clinical and Laboratory Parameters
Elżbieta Kozak-Szkopek
ABCDEF 1,2, Katarzyna Wdowiak ADF 3, Anna M. Imiela AB 2, Aisha Ou-Pokrzewińska AB 2, Zuzanna Strząska-Kliś B 1,4, Agata Andrzejczyk C 5, Łukasz Czyżewski CDE 1*
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.947354
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e947354
Table 6 Comparative analysis of clinical parameters by sex.
| Sex | Female | Male | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 163 | 102 | |
| Age, y | 83 (76–89) | 80 (73–87) | 0.023 |
| Eyeglasses, n (%) | 127 (78) | 83 (81) | 0.559 |
| Hearing aid, n (%) | 27 (17) | 27 (27) | 0.054 |
| Bone fractures, n (%) | 68 (42) | 21 (21) | <0.001 |
| Pressure ulcers, n (%) | 6 (4) | 8 (8) | 0.151 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 78 (48) | 39 (38) | 0.120 |
| Walking, n (%) | |||
| Unaided | 79 (49) | 62 (61) | 0.049 |
| With cane/walking frame | 65 (40) | 25 (25) | 0.010 |
| Bed-bound, n (%) | 23 (14) | 16 (16) | 0.725 |
| Incontinence briefs, n (%) | 105 (64) | 38 (38) | <0.001 |
| Education level, y | 11 (11–16) | 11 (9–16) | 0.400 |
| BMI, kg/m | 26 (23–29) | 25 (23–29) | 0.615 |
| Arm circumference, cm | 24 (23–25) | 24 (23–25) | 0.057 |
| Lower leg circumference, cm | 32 (31–34) | 33 (31–35) | 0.046 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 90 (86–95) | 90 (90–95) | 0.018 |
| Abbreviated Tinetti test | 6 (5–10) | 9 (5–10) | 0.711 |
| Norton scale | 16 (14–18) | 17 (15–19) | 0.011 |
| Barthel index | 80 (55–90) | 85 (55–95) | 0.405 |
| ADL | 5 (2–6) | 5 (3–6) | 0.325 |
| IADL | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–4) | 0.814 |
| GDS | 3 (1–5) | 2 (1–4) | 0.223 |
| MMSE | 25 (21–28) | 26 (21–28) | 0.751 |
| Na, mmol/l | 141.0 (138.0–143.0) | 141.0 (139.0–143.0) | 0.961 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.4 (3.2–3.9) | 3.4 (3.1–3.8) | 0.385 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.8 (10.7–13.0) | 12.0 (9.9–13.3) | 0.973 |
| Lymphocytes, K/μL | 1225 (895–1785) | 1220 (920–1980) | 0.570 |
| TSH, μIU/ml | 1.4 (0.6–2.8) | 1.6 (0.8–2.6) | 0.702 |
| VES-13 | 8 (6–10) | 7 (6–10) | 0.102 |