24 June 2025 : Review article
Evaluating Animal Models for Improved Hemodialysis Vascular Access: A Focus on Arteriovenous Fistula
Xiaobei Cai
ABDEF 1,2, Youyi Zhang BEF 3, Taoxia Wang BDF 2, Xiaoli Liu F 2, Xiaofen Cai BEF 4, Xinyi Liang F 1,2, Guiying Li ADE 2*
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948127
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948127
Table 1 Comparison of arteriovenous fistula models in different animals.
| Class of animals | Commonly used vascular access | Maturation time | Research application fields | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Large animal | Pig | EJV and CCA, FV and FA, IVC and AA, EIV and EIA | 4 weeks | |
| Sheep | EJV and CCA, SFV and FA, BV and BA, CV and BA | 5 weeks | ||
| Canine | EJV and CCA, BA and CV, FV and FA, LSV and FA | 4–5 weeks | ||
| Small animal | Mouse | IJV and CCA, IVC and Ao, IVC and AAo | 2–4 weeks | |
| Rat | IJV and CCA, IVC and Ao, IVC and AAo, FV and FA | 2–4 weeks | ||
| Rabbit | EJV and CCA, FV and FA, IVC and AA | 4–6 weeks | ||
| CCA – common carotid artery; EJV – external jugular vein; FA – femoral artery; FV – femoral vein; Ao – aorta; AAo – abdominal aorta; IVC – inferior vena cava; EIA – external iliac artery; EIV – external iliac vein; SFV – superficial femoral vein; BV – basilic vein; BA – brachial artery; CV– cephalic vein; LSV – lateral saphenous vein; IJV – internal jugular vein. Maturation time: The approximate maturation time. | ||||