Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy for Elderly Female Patients Undergoing Rehabilitation After Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

08 October 2025 : Clinical Research

Joanna Szczepańska-Gieracha

^{ADEFG 1}, Adam Wrzeciono

^{CEF 1}, Błażej Cieślik

^{ACE 2*}, Robert Gajda

^{DEF 3,4}, Justyna Mazurek

^{ABDEF 5}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948321

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948321

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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants.

Variable	Total	Experimental group	Control group	p value
n	23	11	12	–
Age, years	72.04 (8.63)	71.91 (10.18)	72.17 (7.40)	0.95^a
Body height, cm	161.09 (7.40)	161.27 (5.64)	160.92 (8.98)	0.91^a
Body mass, kg	74.52 (11.44)	74.18 (8.57)	74.83 (13.95)	0.90^a
Body mass index, kg/m	28.88 (5.02)	28.69 (4.38)	29.07 (5.73)	0.86^a
Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9), n (%)	5 (21.74)	2 (18.18)	3 (25.00)	0.59^b
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9), n (%)	10 (43.48)	6 (54.55)	4 (33.33)
Obese (BMI >30), n (%)	8 (34.78)	3 (27.27)	5 (41.67)
Education, n (%)
Primary/vocational	11 (47.83)	3 (27.27)	8 (66.67)	0.17^b
Secondary	9 (39.13)	6 (54.55)	3 (25.00)
Higher	3 (13.04)	2 (18.18)	1 (8.33)
Marital status, n (%)
Married	15 (65.22)	5 (45.46)	10 (83.33)	0.14^b
Divorced	1 (4.35)	1 (9.09)	0 (0.00)
Widowed	7 (30.44)	5 (45.46)	2 (16.67)
^a Unpaired test; ^b chi-square test. Continuous variables are expressed as mean (standard deviation). BMI – body mass index.

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