08 October 2025 : Clinical Research
Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy for Elderly Female Patients Undergoing Rehabilitation After Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial
Joanna Szczepańska-Gieracha
ADEFG 1, Adam Wrzeciono CEF 1, Błażej Cieślik ACE 2*, Robert Gajda DEF 3,4, Justyna Mazurek ABDEF 5
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948321
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948321
Table 2 Results of psychological tests, including the statistical significance of differences between the experimental and control groups.
| Experimental group (n=11) | Control group (n=12) | Effect size | p valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | 12.55 (5.87) | 15.25 (8.49) | ||
| After | 5.10 (4.74) | 15.33 (6.67) | ||
| Change | −6.64; −52.90% (−12.28; −1.00) | 0.08; 0.54% (−2.51; 2.67) | 1.03 | 0.02 |
| p valueb | 0.03 | 0.95 | ||
| Effect size | 0.79 | 0.14 | ||
| Before | 7.00 (2.65) | 7.75 (8.49) | ||
| After | 2.91 (2.84) | 7.50 (3.92) | ||
| Change | −4.09; −58.44% (−7.07; −1.11) | −0.25; −3.23% (−1.88; 1.38) | 1.07 | 0.01 |
| p valueb | 0.01 | 0.74 | ||
| Effect size | 0.92 | 0.17 | ||
| Before | 5.55 (4.06) | 7.50 (4.52) | ||
| After | 3.00 (3.19) | 7.83 (3.86) | ||
| Change | −2.55; −45.90% (−6.33; 1.24) | 0.33; 4.44% (−1.08; 1.75) | 0.69 | 0.12 |
| p valueb | 0.16 | 0.62 | ||
| Effect size | 0.45 | 0.15 | ||
| Before | 64.82 (17.60) | 58.92 (21.37) | ||
| After | 37.00 (5.68) | 57.08 (17.12) | ||
| Change | −27.82; −42.92% (−38.83; −16.81) | −1.83; −3.11% (−9.09; 5.42) | 1.86 | <0.001 |
| p valueb | <0.001 | 0.59 | ||
| Effect size | 1.70 | 0.16 | ||
| Before | 24.18 (7.52) | 20.00 (7.91) | ||
| After | 11.55 (2.84) | 20.08 (5.73) | ||
| Change | −12.64; −52.26% (−18.02; −7.25) | 0.08; 0.41% (−2.84; 3.01) | 1.97 | <0.01 |
| p valueb | <0.001 | 0.95 | ||
| Effect size | 1.58 | 0.17 | ||
| Before | 19.73 (5.69) | 18.17 (6.90) | ||
| After | 13.55 (2.02) | 18.50 (5.81) | ||
| Change | −6.18; −31.34% (−10.37; −2.00) | 0.33; 1.83% (−1.43; 2.10) | 1.37 | <0.01 |
| p valueb | 0.01 | 0.69 | ||
| Effect size | 0.99 | 0.12 | ||
| Before | 20.91 (6.69) | 20.75 (7.46) | ||
| After | 11.91 (3.62) | 18.50 (6.46) | ||
| Change | −9.00; −43.04% (−11.88; −6.12) | −2.25; −10.84% (−5.41; 0.91) | 1.45 | <0.01 |
| p valueb | <0.001 | 0.15 | ||
| Effect size | 2.10 | 0.21 | ||
| Before | 26.73 (7.24) | 28.75 (6.59) | ||
| After | 38.82 (1.33) | 30.00 (6.37) | ||
| Change | 12.09; 45.24% (7.61; 16.57) | 1.25; 4.35% (−2.36; 4.86) | 1.76 | <0.001 |
| p valueb | <0.001 | 0.46 | ||
| Effect size | 1.81 | 0.26 | ||
| Before | 4.55 (2.70) | 4.00 (2.22) | ||
| After | 0.73 (1.27) | 2.67 (2.02) | ||
| Change | −3.82; −84.00% (−5.35; −2.29) | −1.33; −33.33% (−2.36; −0.31) | 1,27 | 0.01 |
| p valueb | <0.001 | 0.02 | ||
| Effect size | 1.68 | 0.25 | ||
| a Significance of the unpaired test; b significance of the paired test. Values before and after are presented as mean values (standard deviation). The change is expressed as the mean difference and percentage change, along with 95% confidence intervals. The effect size values are the absolute values of Cohen’s . HADS – Hospital Anxiety (A) and Depression (D) Scale; PSQ – Perception of Stress Questionnaire; GSES – General Self-Efficacy Scale; VAS – visual analog scale for pain assessment. | ||||