Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy for Elderly Female Patients Undergoing Rehabilitation After Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

08 October 2025 : Clinical Research

Joanna Szczepańska-Gieracha

^{ADEFG 1}, Adam Wrzeciono

^{CEF 1}, Błażej Cieślik

^{ACE 2*}, Robert Gajda

^{DEF 3,4}, Justyna Mazurek

^{ABDEF 5}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948321

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948321

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Table 3 Results of repeated measures analysis of variance (group-by-time interaction).

Variables	Mean square	F value	p value	η2p

HADS	129.57	6.13	0.02	0.23
HADS-A	42.33	6.61	0.02	0.24
HADS-D	23.78	2.69	0.12	0.11
PSQ	1937.57	19.75	<0.001	0.49
ET	464.27	22.27	<0.001	0.52
ES	121.81	10.83	<0.01	0.34
IS	130.75	12.04	<0.01	0.36
GSES	337.25	17.72	<0.001	0.46
VAS	17.72	9.27	0.01	0.31

TT	29.61	13.61	0.001	0.39
BI	662.06	9.79	0.01	0.32
RMA-GF	12.10	9.50	0.01	0.31
SPPB	12.10	9.50	0.01	0.31
HADS – Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (A for anxiety, D for depression); PSQ – Perception of Stress Questionnaire; ET – emotional tension; ES – external stress; IS – intrapsychic stress; GSES – Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale; VAS – visual analog scale for pain assessment; TT – Tinetti Test; BI – Barthel Index; RMA-GF – Rivermead Motor Assessment Gross Function Subscale; SPPB – Short Physical Performance Battery.

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