11 June 2025 : Clinical Research
GFAP/UCH-L1 as a Biomarker for Rapid Assessment of Mild TBI in Emergency Departments
Rakesh Jalali
ABCDEFG 1,2*, Marcin Bałuch BCE 1,2, Joanna Malinowska BF 1,2, Jacek Zwiernik BF 3, Adam Kern BF 4, Jacek Bil BF 5, Jerzy Romaszko BF 6
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948353
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948353
Table 1 Characteristics of patients included in this study.
| All (n=123) | IHI | Non-IHI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage (n) | 100.0% (123) | 49.6% (61) | 50.4% (62) | |
| Sex F [%(n)] | 61.0% (75) | 59.0% (36) | 62.9% (39) | |
| Age (Xmean/SD) | 63.48/20.84 | 68.03/20.31 | 58.72/20.47 | |
| Comorbidities | None | 26.8% (33) | 19.6% (12) | 33.9% (21) |
| Alcohol dependency syndrome | 3.3% (4) | 6.6% (4) | 0.0% (0) | |
| Pulmonary | 7.3% (9) | 6.6% (4) | 8.1% (5) | |
| Oncological | 4.1% (5) | 3.3% (2) | 4.8% (3) | |
| Neurological/psychiatric | 11.4% (14) | 13.1% (8) | 9.7% (6) | |
| Nephrological | 3.3% (4) | 3.3% (2) | 3.2% (2) | |
| Cardiovascular | 52.8% (65) | 60.7% (37) | 45.1% (28) | |
| Metabolic | 32.5% (40) | 36.1% (22) | 29.0% (18) | |
| Additional injuries | None | 49.5% (61) | 100.0% (61) | 0.0% (0) |
| Soft tissue | 10.6% (13) | 0.0% (0) | 21.0% (13) | |
| Bones | 28.5% (35) | 0.0% (0) | 56.5% (35) | |
| Visceral organs | 1.6% (2) | 0.0% (0) | 3.2% (2) | |
| Spine | 21.1% (26) | 0.0% (0) | 41.9% (26) | |
| Head wound | 26.8% (33) | 41.0% (25) | 12.9% (8) | |