29 May 2025 : Clinical Research
Smoking Prevalence, Susceptibility to Cigarette Smoking, and Its Causes in 568 Adolescent Male High School Students in Southern Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Ahmed A. AlBariqi ABCEFG 1, Ali Fahed AlQahtani ABCDEG 1, Shreyas Tikare ABCDEFG 1, Shankar T. Gokhale ABCDEFG 1, Raghavendra Reddy Nagate ABCDEFG 1, Faisal Saeed Mohammed AlHaid ABCFG 2, Ali Hussain Ali AlQahtani ABEFG 2, Bayapa Reddy Narapureddy
ACDEF 3*, Lingala Kalyan Viswanath Reddy CDEFG 4, Kandasamy Muthugounder CDEFG 5
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948542
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948542
Table 4 Non-smokers perceived risk in the smoking environment based on the Expanded Susceptibility to Smoking Index (ESSI).
| ESSI | Total | χ2 | p-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not susceptible | % | Susceptible | % | Highly susceptible | % | ||||
| Father | 15 | 7.8 | 23 | 14.3 | 13 | 12.2 | 51 | 11.38 | 0.181 |
| Mother | 2 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | ||
| Siblings | 9 | 4.6 | 14 | 8.7 | 8 | 7.5 | 31 | ||
| Grandfather | 4 | 2.0 | 1 | 0.6 | 3 | 2.8 | 8 | ||
| No-one | 162 | 84.3 | 122 | 76.2 | 82 | 77.3 | 366 | ||
| None | 168 | 87.5 | 119 | 74.3 | 86 | 81.1 | 373 | 14.89 | 0.061 |
| 1–2 times | 17 | 8.8 | 27 | 16.8 | 11 | 10.3 | 55 | ||
| 3–4 times | 1 | 0.5 | 6 | 3.7 | 5 | 4.7 | 12 | ||
| 5–6 times | 2 | 1.0 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | ||
| All 7 days | 4 | 2.0 | 6 | 3.7 | 4 | 3.7 | 14 | ||
| Almost no-one | 176 | 91.6 | 130 | 81.2 | 89 | 83.9 | 395 | 18.11 | 0.020 |
| Less than half | 15 | 7.8 | 22 | 13.7 | 15 | 14.1 | 52 | ||
| Half | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 3.7 | 1 | 0.9 | 7 | ||
| More than half | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 1 | ||
| Almost everyone | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | ||
| Almost no-one | 125 | 65.1 | 82 | 51.2 | 72 | 67.9 | 279 | 15.05 | 0.058 |
| Less than half | 52 | 27.1 | 50 | 31.2 | 20 | 18.8 | 122 | ||
| Half | 9 | 4.6 | 18 | 11.2 | 8 | 7.5 | 35 | ||
| More than half | 5 | 2.6 | 8 | 5.0 | 4 | 3.7 | 17 | ||
| Almost everyone | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 1.2 | 2 | 1.8 | 5 | ||
| No-one | 149 | 77.6 | 102 | 63.7 | 81 | 76.4 | 332 | 11.56 | 0.073 |
| 1–2 friends | 35 | 18.2 | 47 | 29.3 | 19 | 17.9 | 101 | ||
| 3–4 friends | 7 | 3.6 | 7 | 4.3 | 5 | 4.7 | 19 | ||
| All 5 friends | 1 | 0.5 | 4 | 2.5 | 1 | 0.9 | 6 | ||
| Total | 192 | 100 | 160 | 100 | 106 | 100 | 458 | ||