22 August 2025 : Review article
A Review of Modulation of Gut Microbiota to Mitigate Gestational Diabetes: Implications for Maternal and Child Health
Olimpia Mora-Janiszewska
ABCDEF 1, Kinga Bialic ABCDEF 1*, Anna Faryniak BF 1, Dorota Darmochwał-Kolarz BF 1
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948897
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948897
Table 2 Recent studies on the influence of probiotics in the group of women with and without GDM. In this table, a summary is given on recent studies in which the effect has been examined of various probiotic strains on women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their influence on GDM outcomes, including the risk of GDM development, glycemic control, and insulin resistance. The table includes details on the type of probiotics used, the timing of administration and the observed effects in pregnant women with and without GDM.
| Author | Probiotic used | Participating women | Administration time | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wickens et al []108 | HN001 | Pregnant women with normal BMI | From 14–16 weeks of pregnancy until 6 months post birth if still breast feeding | Positive-reduction in risk of GDM |
| Dolatkhah et al []109 | , Bifidobacterium, , | Pregnant women with newly diagnosed GDM between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation | Eight weeks | Positive-decrease in fasting glycaemia |
| Karamali et al []110 | L. Acidophilus, L. casei, B. Bifidum | Primiparous mothers diagnosed with GDM between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation | Six weeks | Positive-lower fasting glycemia and serum insulin levels |
| Kijmanawat et al []106 | , | Newly diagnosed women with GDM between 24–28 weeks of gestation | Four weeks | Positive-less increase in insulin resistance and lower fasting glucose and insulin levels |
| Luoto et al []116 | GG, Bb12, diet | Pregnant women with normal BMI | From first trimester of pregnancy to end of exclusive breastfeeding | Positive-reduction in risk of GDM |
| Callaway et al []111 | , subspecies lactis BB-12 | Overweight and obese pregnant women | From second trimester until birth | Does not prevent GDM |
| Lindsay et al []112 | UCC118 | Pregnant women with early pregnancy body mass index from 30.0 to 39.9 | From 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy | Lack of effect on fasting glycaemia |
| Asemi et al []104 | LA5 and BB-12 | Primigravida in third trimester | Nine weeks | No influence on fasting blood glucose |
| Pellonpera et al []117 | HN001, ssp. lactis 420, fish oil | Overweight and obese pregnant women | Before 18 gestational weeks, throughout pregnancy and until 6 months postpartum | Does not reduce risk of GDM or improve glucose metabolism |
| Halkjaer et al []113 | Vivomixx ( DSM 24731, DSM 24732, DSM 24736, DSM 24737, DSM 24735, DSM 24730, DSM 24733, subsp. DSM 24734) | Obese pregnant women | From early second trimester until delivery | No significant difference in GDM and HbA1c levels |
| Shahriari et al []118 | LA1, sp54 cs, sp9 cs | Pregnant women with risk factor for GDM | From 14 weeks to 24 weeks of pregnancy | Does not reduce risk of GDM |
| GDM – gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI – body mass index; HbA1c – glycated hemoglobin; L. – Lactobacillus; B. – Bifidobacterium; spp. – species (plural); ssp. – subspecies. | ||||