15 October 2025 : Review article
Extracellular Vesicles as Emerging Regulators in Ischemic and Hypertrophic Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review of Pathogenesis and Therapeutics
Min Chen E 1, Yanming Wu E 1, Cheng Chen E 1*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.948948
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e948948
Table 1 Summary of the 3 main types of extracellular vesicles.
| Extracellular vesicle | Size | Biogenesis | Surface markers | Cargo | Primary role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microvesicles | 50–1000 nm | Direct budding of the plasma membrane | Origin cell specific markers | Proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA and lncRNAs cytokines | Intracellular communication, immune modulation |
| Apoptotic bodies | 50–5000 nm | Fragmentation of apoptotic cells | PS, TSP, CRT, LCA, PTPRA, LFA1, complement proteins C3b and C1q and histone H2AX []16 | Nuclear fragment, organelle, proteins, lipids | Cell signalling, inflammation |
| Exosomes | 30–100 nm | Endosomal pathway | Tetraspanins, Alix, TSG101, HSP70 and Actin | Proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA and lncRNAs5 | Intracellular communication |
| PS – phosphatidylserine; TPS – thrombospondin; CRT – calreticulin; LCA – leukocyte common antigen; PTPRC – leukocyte common antigen protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor C; LFA-1 – integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1. | |||||