Early Postpartum IL-10 and IL-37 Concentrations in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

04 December 2025 : Clinical Research

Kamila Gorczyca

^{ABCDEFG 1*}, Żaneta Kimber-Trojnar

^{ADG 1}, Małgorzata Maria Koziol

^{BCD 2}, Bożena Leszczyńska-Gorzelak

^{A 1}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949081

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e949081

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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics and comparison of GDM and control groups by demographic, educational, and housing variables.

Variable	Control Group [n=50]	GDM Group [n=30]	P

	n (%) or Mediana [IQR]

	32 [–]²⁹	33 [–]³²	0.1974^a

			0.3565^b
Married	45 (90%)	24 (80%)
In an informal relationship	5 (10%)	6 (20%)

			0.0915^c
Primary school	0 (0%)	1 (3.3%)
Vocational secondary school	9 (18%)	3 (10%)
General secondary school	6 (12%)	1 (3.3%)
Post-secondary school	1 (2%)	5 (16.7%)
Higher vocational school	13 (26%)	8 (26.7%)
Higher master’s degree	21 (42%)	12 (40%)

			<0.0001^c
City with more than 500 000 inhabitants	3 (6%)	3 (10%)
City with 100 000–500 000 inhabitants	20 (40%)	9 (30%)
City with 50 000–100 000 inhabitants	0 (0%)	11 (36.7%)
Town with 10 000–50 000 inhabitants	9 (18%)	1 (3.3%)
Town with <10 000 inhabitants	0 (0%)	5 (16.7%)
Village	18 (36%)	1 (3.3%)
^* Statistically significant result; ^a Mann-Whitney U test; ^b Fisher’s exact test; ^c Chi-square test. GDM – gestational diabetes mellitus; IQR – interquartile range.

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