19 August 2025 : Review article
Advances in Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Diagnosing and Managing Primary Posterior Uveal Melanoma
Iwona Obuchowska
ABCDEF 1, Diana Anna Dmuchowska DE 1, Joanna Konopińska EF 1*
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949252
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e949252
Introduction
Posterior Uveal Melanoma
Positron Emission Tomography
Role of PET/CT in the Detection of Posterior Uveal Melanoma
Role of PET/CT Imaging in Distinguishing Between Posterior Uveal Melanomas, Benign Lesions and Other Primary or Metastatic Intra-Ocular Malignancies
Role of PET/CT in Staging of Metastatic Uveal Melanoma
Monitoring of Treatment Outcomes in Posterior Uveal Melanoma with PET/CT
Limitations of PET/CT Imaging
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
Table 2 The AJCC* cancer staging system for posterior uveal melanoma (choroidal and ciliary body) in regard to ciliary body involvement and extra-ocular extension – T category. subclassification.
| T category | T criteria |
|---|---|
| TX | Primary tumor cannot be assessed |
| T0 | No evidence of primary tumor |
| T1 | Tumor base ≤9 mm with thickness ≤6 mmTumor base 9.1–12 mm with thickness ≤3 mm |
| T1a | Tumor size category 1 without ciliary body involvement and extra-ocular extension |
| T1b | Tumor size category 1 with ciliary body involvement |
| T1c | Tumor size category 1 without ciliary body involvement but with extra-ocular extension ≤5 mm in largest diameter |
| T1d | Tumor size category 1 with ciliary body involvement and extra-ocular extension ≤5 mm in largest diameter |
| T2 | Tumor base ≤9 mm with thickness 6.1–9 mmTumor base 9.1–12 mm with thickness 3.1–9 mmTumor base 12.1–15 mm with thickness ≤6 mmTumor base 15.1–18 mm with thickness ≤3 mm |
| T2a | Tumor size category 2 without ciliary body involvement and extra-ocular extension |
| T2b | Tumor size category 2 with ciliary body involvement |
| T2c | Tumor size category 2 without ciliary body involvement but with extra-ocular extension ≤5 mm in largest diameter |
| T2d | Tumor size category 2 with ciliary body involvement and extra-ocular extension ≤5 mm in largest diameter |
| T3 | Tumor base 3.1–9 mm with thickness 9.1–12 mmTumor base 9.1–12 mm with thickness 9.1–15 mmTumor base 12.1–15 mm with thickness 6.1–15 mmTumor base 15.1–18 mm with thickness 3.1–12 mm |
| T3a | Tumor size category 3 without ciliary body involvement and extra-ocular extension |
| T3b | Tumor size category 3 with ciliary body involvement |
| T3c | Tumor size category 3 without ciliary body involvement but with extra-ocular extension ≤5 mm in largest diameter |
| T3d | Tumor size category 3 with ciliary body involvement and extra-ocular extension ≤5 mm in largest diameter |
| T4 | Tumor base 12.1–15 mm with thickness >15 mmTumor base 15.1–18 mm with thickness >12 mmTumor base >18 mm with any thickness |
| T4a | Tumor size category 4 without ciliary body involvement and extra-ocular extension |
| T4b | Tumor size category 4 with ciliary body involvement |
| T4c | Tumor size category 4 without ciliary body involvement but with extra-ocular extension ≤5 mm in largest diameter |
| T4d | Tumor size category 4 with ciliary body involvement and extra-ocular extension ≤5 mm in largest diameter |
| T4e | Any tumor size category with extra-ocular extension >5 mm in largest diameter |
| * AJCC – American Joint Committee on Cancer. Source: . | |