22 April 2025 : Review article
A Review of Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) and the Liquid Biopsy in Cancer Diagnosis, Screening, and Monitoring Treatment Response
Dinah V. Parums DEF 1*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949300
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e949300
Table 1 Biofluids used for circulating DNA (ctDNA) analysis (the liquid biopsy) [6].
| Plasma and serum from blood |
| Pleural fluid |
| Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid |
| Peritoneal fluid |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Lymphatic fluid |
| Urine |
| Breast milk |
| Saliva |
| Tears, aqueous and vitreous fluid |
| Vaginal secretions and uterine lavage fluid |
| Seminal fluid |