29 November 2025 : Laboratory Research
Surface Conditioning Methods and Their Effects on Micro-Tensile Bond Strength and Micro-Chemical Properties of Glass-Infiltrated Zirconia: An In Vitro Study
Ashfaq Yaqoob ABCDEFG 1, Mudita Chaturvedi
ADEFG 2*, Saurabh Chaturvedi ABCDEFG 1,3, Mohasin Abdul Khader ADEFG 4, Ghazala Suleman ADEFG 1, Manisha Mangesh Kulkarni ACEFG 5, Shahi Jahan Shah ADEFG 6, Asim Elsir Elmahdi ADEFG 1, Vishwanath Gurumurthy ADEFG 7, Mukhatar Ahmed Javali ADEFG 4, Rania A. Sharif ADEFG 1, Abdul Razzaq Ahmed ADEFG 1, Ahmed Babiker Mohamed Ali ADEFG 8, Rajesh Vyas ACDEFG 7
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949377
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e949377
Table 1 Steps involved in methodology.
| Step No. | Procedure | Details |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fabrication of zirconia blocks | Thirty GLZR blocks (5×5×4 mm) were designed using Exocad software and milled with CAD/CAM systems |
| 2 | Duplication of composite resin blocks | Each zirconia block was duplicated using silicon putty molds and incrementally filled with composite resin |
| 3 | Group division | Specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10 per group) based on surface treatment type |
| 4 | Surface treatments | Group I: Grit-blasting with 110 μm AlO at 2.8 bar for 20 s. Group II: Silica coating followed by grit-blasting with 110 μm SiO2 particles. Group III: Etching with 9.5% hydrofluoric acid for 90 s |
| 5 | Application of silane and adhesive | All treated zirconia surfaces were coated with silane, followed by a universal adhesive, and light-cured |
| 6 | Cementation | Zirconia and composite blocks were bonded with resin cement and stored in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days |
| 7 | Sample sectioning for MTBS | Bonded blocks were sectioned into bar specimens (~0.6 mm) using a low-speed diamond saw under coolant |
| 8 | Surface characterization | SEM and EDAX were conducted to assess morphology, roughness (Ra), and elemental composition |
| 9 | Micro-tensile bond strength testing | Testing was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min |
| 10 | Statistical analysis | ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests were utilized, with the significance threshold set at P<0.05. Data were analyzed via SPSS v20.0 |
| ANOVA – analysis of variance; CAD/CAM – computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing; EDAX – energy-dispersive X-ray analysis; GLZR – glass-infiltrated zirconia; MTBS – micro-tensile bond strength; SEM – scanning electron microscopy. | ||