Effect of Long-Term Smoking on Cervical Disc Degeneration: A Retrospective Study

25 August 2025 : Clinical Research

Murat Kiraz

^{ABCDEFG 1*}, Hakan Kina

^{CEFG 2}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949466

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e949466

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Table 2 Mean age and sex distribution among groups.

		No smoking (n=119)	Smoking 1–10 years (n=93)	Smoking >10 years (n=81)	P
Age		47.45±15.83	47.46±13.7	49.20±12.62	0.648^*
Sex	Male	57 (47.9%)	51 (54.8%)	41 (50.6%)	0.604^**
Sex	Female	62 (52.1%)	42 (45.2%)	40 (49.4%)	0.604^**
^* One-way ANOVA; ^** Chi-square test.

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