Effect of Long-Term Smoking on Cervical Disc Degeneration: A Retrospective Study

25 August 2025 : Clinical Research

Murat Kiraz

^{ABCDEFG 1*}, Hakan Kina

^{CEFG 2}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949466

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e949466

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Table 3 Disc degeneration by smoking groups.

		n	Mean	Std. deviation	P	Post hoc P
C4–5	None	119	3.74	1.586		^**
	1–10 years	93	4.44	2.124	^*	^**
	>10 years	81	4.94	1.983		2–3: 0.250^**
C5–6	None	119	3.89	1.661		^***
	1–10 years	93	4.96	1.916	^*	^***
	>10 years	81	5.05	1.580		2–3: 0.934^***
C6–7	None	119	3.75	1.673		^***
	1–10 years	93	4.75	1.786	^*	^***
	>10 years	81	4.72	1.614		2–3: 0.989^***
^* One-way ANOVA; ^ Games-Howell post hoc tests; ^* Tukey post hoc tests

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