28 August 2025 : Review article
Advances in Systemic Therapy for Ovarian Cancer Over the Past Decade: A Clinical and Molecular Perspective
Monika Abramiuk
AEFG 1*, Ilona Skrabalak EF 2, Malgorzata Satora AEF 3, Marta Ostrowska-Leśko AEFG 2, Maja Joanna Czech EF 4, Julia Majchrzak EF 4, Marcin Bobiński AFG 2
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949526
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e949526
Table 1 Characteristics of ovarian cancer (EOC) subtypes.
| Subtype | Genetic profile | Clinical behavior | Molecular subtypes | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HGSOC | mutations (>95%), mutations, HRD | Rapid proliferation, high genetic instability, late-stage presentation | Immunoreactive, differentiated, proliferative, mesenchymal | Fallopian tube epithelium or ovarian surface epithelium |
| Endometrioid EOC | mutations, pathway alterations | Often early-stage; good prognosis | Associated with atypical endometriosis | Arises from endometriotic lesions |
| MOC | (~65%), , amplifications, occasional or mutations | Early-stage diagnosis; poor response to chemotherapy in advanced stages | Precursor lesions: mucinous cystadenomas or borderline tumors | Mostly ovarian origin; some cases metastasize from GI tumors |
| LGSOC | , , mutations | Slow-growing, often younger patients, relative resistance to chemotherapy | NA (not well defined) | Ovarian surface epithelium or associated with SBTs |
| Clear cell carcinoma | , , mutations | Often chemoresistant; can be aggressive | Associated with endometriosis | Arises from endometriotic lesions |
| SBTs | Often or mutations | Non-invasive, slow-growing, low malignant potential | NA | Ovarian surface epithelium |
| HGSOC – high-grade serous ovarian cancer; LGSOC – low-grade serous ovarian cancer; HRD – homologous recombination deficiency; SBTs – serous borderline tumors; MOC – Mucinous Ovarian Carcinoma; NA – not well defined. | ||||