Impact of Intramuscular Electrical Stimulation on Multifidus Muscle Function in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

05 October 2025 : Clinical Research

Adrian Kużdżał

^{ABEF 1*}, Gracjan Olaniszyn

^{BE 2,3}, Filipe Manuel Clemente

^{CDE 4,5,6}, Rafał Piwowar^{BE 7}, Małgorzata Smoter

^{BEF 8}, Robert Trybulski

^{ABEF 3,9}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.949677

Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e949677

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Table 2 Post hoc comparisons within groups were conducted between the post-treatment and 4-week follow-up time points.

	Control	Experimental
Muscle stiffness (N/m)
Right (post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=1.32; p=0.536	MD=−4.09; p=0.053
Left (post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=−2.44; p=0.361	MD=2.95; p=0.255
Muscle tension (Hz)
Right (post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=−0.45; p=0.030	MD=−0.82; p=0.667
Left (post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=−0.01; p=0.970	MD=0.07; p=0.786
Pressure Pain Threshold (N/cm)
Right (post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=−1.74; p<0.001	MD=−1.28; p=0.005
Left (post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=−2.31; p<0.001	MD=−0.96; p=0.044
Tissue perfusion (PU)
Right (post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=−0.01; p=0.934	MD=1.00; p<0.001
Left (post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=0.03; p=0.775	MD=1.20; p<0.001
Numeric Rating Scale (A.U.)
(post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=1.01; p<0.001	MD=0.24; p=0.003
Range of motion (cm)
(post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=0.50; p=0.196	MD=0.40; p=0.287
Postural stability (mm)
(post treatment vs after 4 weeks)	MD=−1.28; p=0.040	MD=−3.47; p<0.001
MD – mean difference.

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