Low-Intensity Blood Flow-Restricted Multi-Joint Exercise Improves Muscle Function in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

29 January 2026 : Clinical Research

Jejeong Lee^{BCE 1}, Hyeokhyeon Kwon^{ABCDE 1}, Yongwoo Lee

^{ACD 2*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.950516

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e950516

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Table 3 Comparison of pre–post changes in muscle strength within and between groups.

Variable (kgf)	Group	Pre	Post	Change	t(P)	t(P)b
Knee flexor	EG	11.20±3.07^a	16.43±4.08	5.22±2.20	10.574 (0.001)^*	4.768 (0.001)^*
Knee flexor	CG	13.02±2.67	14.99±2.60	1.96±2.04	4.199 (0.001)^*	4.768 (0.001)^*
Knee extensor	EG	18.12±4.62	25.54±4.11	7.41±1.47	22.554 (0.001)^*	13.441 (0.001)^*
Knee extensor	CG	19.44±3.50	21.69±3.81	2.25±0.81	12.065 (0.001)^*	13.441 (0.001)^*
^a Mean±standard deviation; ^b -value for the difference in pre–post change between groups; ^* kgf – kilogram-force; EG – experimental group; CG – control group.

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