Low-Intensity Blood Flow-Restricted Multi-Joint Exercise Improves Muscle Function in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

29 January 2026 : Clinical Research

Jejeong Lee^{BCE 1}, Hyeokhyeon Kwon^{ABCDE 1}, Yongwoo Lee

^{ACD 2*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.950516

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e950516

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Table 4 Comparison of pre–post changes in balance within and between groups.

Variable (kgf)	Group	Pre	Post	Change	t/z(P)	t/z(P)b
Y-balance test (%)	EG	86.43±10.24^a	98.86±11.49	12.42±6.00	9.253 (0.001)^*	4.348 (0.001)^*
Y-balance test (%)	CG	91.49±9.67	96.29±8.10	4.79±4.86	4.297 (0.001)^*	4.348 (0.001)^*
Stair-descending task	EG	4.30±0.80^a	1.75±0.85	−2.55±0.99	−3.880 (0.001)^*	−2.931 (0.003)^*
Stair-descending task	CG	3.53±0.61	1.89±0.80	−1.63±0.83	−3.789 (0.001)^*	−2.931 (0.003)^*
^a Mean±standard deviation; ^b -value for the difference in pre–post change between groups; ^c Wilcoxon signed-rank test; ^d Mann-Whitney U test; ^*

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