Low-Intensity Blood Flow-Restricted Multi-Joint Exercise Improves Muscle Function in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

29 January 2026 : Clinical Research

Jejeong Lee^{BCE 1}, Hyeokhyeon Kwon^{ABCDE 1}, Yongwoo Lee

^{ACD 2*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.950516

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e950516

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Table 5 Comparison of pre–post changes in pressure pain threshold within and between groups.

Variable (N/cm2)	Group	Pre	Post	Change	t(P)	t(P)b
Rectus femoris	EG	31.48±15.16^a	44.68±14.16	13.19±6.11	9.646 (0.001)^*	3.944 (0.001)^*
Rectus femoris	CG	31.81±13.07	37.13±12.87	5.31±6.35	3.646 (0.002)^*	3.944 (0.001)^*
Vastus medialis	EG	33.84±17.01	45.04±16.70	11.20±6.77	7.398 (0.001)^*	3.058 (0.004)^*
Vastus medialis	CG	31.23±12.88	36.01±12.02	4.78±6.31	3.302 (0.004)^*	3.058 (0.004)^*
Vastus lateralis	EG	30.93±12.43	40.89±13.66	9.96±4.61	9.663 (0.001)^*	2.837 (0.007)^*
Vastus lateralis	CG	25.80± 8.26	31.87± 8.96	6.06±3.93	6.722 (0.001)^*	2.837 (0.007)^*
Semitendinosus	EG	33.03±12.09	47.89±11.51	14.85±6.64	9.995 (0.001)^*	3.584 (0.001)^*
Semitendinosus	CG	38.15±14.07	45.40±13.19	7.25±6.59	4.793 (0.001)^*	3.584 (0.001)^*
Biceps femoris	EG	36.45±14.50	48.39±12.47	11.94±4.44	12.029 (0.001)^*	2.612 (0.013)^*
Biceps femoris	CG	37.00±9.55	42.20±9.01	5.19±2.24	10.071 (0.001)^*	2.612 (0.013)^*
^a Mean±standard deviation; ^b -value for the difference in pre–post change between groups; ^* EG – experimental group; CG – control group.

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