Low-Intensity Blood Flow-Restricted Multi-Joint Exercise Improves Muscle Function in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Trial

29 January 2026 : Clinical Research

Jejeong Lee^{BCE 1}, Hyeokhyeon Kwon^{ABCDE 1}, Yongwoo Lee

^{ACD 2*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.950516

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e950516

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Table 6 Comparison of pre–post changes in muscle tone within and between groups.

Variable [61]	Group	Pre	Post	Change	t(P)	t(P)b
Rectus femoris	EG	12.16±1.20^a	12.85±1.47	0.68±0.85	3.592 (0.002)^*	0.316 (0.754)
Rectus femoris	CG	12.55±1.12	13.13±1.86	0.58±1.24	2.030 (0.057)	0.316 (0.754)
Vastus medialis	EG	11.79±1.23	13.26±1.32	1.47±0.18	36.489 (0.001)^*	7.608 (0.000)^*
Vastus medialis	CG	11.71±1.26	12.57±1.35	0.86±0.30	12.232 (0.001)^*	7.608 (0.000)^*
Vastus lateralis	EG	13.44±1.47	15.81±2.78	2.37±1.67	6.317 (0.001)^*	2.426 (0.020)^*
Vastus lateralis	CG	14.16±1.52	15.36±2.37	1.19±1.31	3.985 (0.001)^*	2.426 (0.020)^*
Semitendinosus	EG	12.75±1.29	14.25±1.54	1.49±0.59	11.344 (0.001)^*	1.015 (0.317)
Semitendinosus	CG	13.06±1.49	14.32±2.05	1.26±0.84	6.499 (0.001)^*	1.015 (0.317)
Biceps femoris	EG	13.04±1.18a	14.12±1.35a	1.08±0.56	8.602 (0.001)^*	0.586 (0.561)
Biceps femoris	CG	12.89±1.29	13.87±1.45	0.97±0.53	7.925 (0.001)^*	0.586 (0.561)
^a Mean±standard deviation; ^b -value for the difference in pre–post change between groups; ^* EG – experimental group; CG – control group.

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