A Review of Recent Developments in Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Technologies for Ophthalmology Referrals and Clinical Practice

15 January 2026 : Review article

Alfredo A. Paredes^{AEF 1}, Raphael G. Banoub^{AEF 2*}, Gurnoor S. Gill^{AE 1}, Harnaina K. Bains

^{AE 3}, Adiraj S. Sibia^{AE 4}, Harshal A. Sanghvi^{AE 5}, Shailesh K. Gupta^{AEG 2}, Kakarla V. Chalam^{AEG 6}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.950686

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e950686

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Introduction Smart Technologies for Ophthalmic Referrals Smart Technologies Within the Ophthalmology Clinic Future Directions Conclusions References

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Table 1 Overview of smart technology in ophthalmic referral and diagnosis.

Referrals	Clinical workflow	Diagnosis
Prioritizes accurate referrals	Predicts wait times	Conducts image assessment and scoring
Detects missed referrals	Reduces missed visits	Rapidly detects disease
Completes retinal exams in primary care	Performs follow-ups and answers patient questions	Increases care encounters per hour
Overview of select smart technologies and their roles in optimizing referrals to ophthalmologists, clinical workflows, and disease diagnosis. CDSS – clinical decision support systems; EHR – electronic health record; AI – artificial intelligence.

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