Application and Research Progress of BCI in Post-Stroke Psychiatric Disorders: A Narrative Review

17 March 2026 : Review article

Zekai Hu

^{ABCDEF 1,2}, Jinyan Wang^{ABCDEF 1}, Kun Zhou

^{BCDF 3}, Sicong Ma^{BCDF 1}, Jun Hu^{AG 1*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951399

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e951399

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Introduction Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Post-Stroke Psychiatric Disorders Basic Principles and Types of Brain-Computer Interfaces Application of Brain-Computer Interface in Post-Stroke Depression Application of Brain-Computer Interface in Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment and Anxiety Disorders Challenges and Future Directions in the Application of Brain-Computer Interface Technology Conclusions References

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Table 1 Comparison of different BCI modalities.

BCI type	Signal acquisition	Invasiveness	Key advantages	Limitations	Typical applications
Non-invasive	Scalp EEG, fNIRS	None	High safety, portability, low cost, easy setup	Low spatial resolution, susceptible to noise/artifacts	Cognitive monitoring, neurofeedback, stroke rehabilitation [,]²⁹
Semi-invasive	ECoG (cortical surface)	Moderate	Better spatial/temporal resolution than EEG; lower risk than intracortical	Surgical risks (infection); limited coverage area	Epilepsy presurgical mapping, precise motor control []⁴⁴
Invasive	Intracortical microelectrodes	High	Highest signal fidelity; detects single-neuron activity	Tissue damage, biocompatibility issues, signal degradation over time	Advanced prosthetic control, communication for locked-in patients [,]⁴⁵
BCI – brain computer interface; EEG – electroencephalography; fNIRS – functional near-infrared spectroscopy; ECoG – electrocorticography.

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