24 June 2026 : Clinical Research
Threonine in Coronary Artery Disease: Insights From Metabolic Syndrome Amino Acid Profiling
Tomasz Urbanowicz
ACDE 1*, Dagmara Pietkiewicz CDEF 2, Szymon Plewa CD 2, Beata Krasińska BCF 3, Jan Matysiak BCDE 2, Andrzej Tykarski BF 3
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951571
Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e951571
Table 3 Laboratory results and amino acid analyses in the MeS and Control groups.
| Parameters | Group 1 (MeS)n=25 | Group 2 (Control)n=40 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| WBC (×10/L) (median (Q1–Q3) | 7.9 (6.4–10.3) | 6.5 (6.0–7.4) | 0.06 |
| Hb (mmol/L) (median (Q1–Q3) | 8.5 (8.2–9.2) | 9.0 (8.4–9.3) | 0.29 |
| Hct (%) (median (Q1–Q3) | 41 (39–45) | 43 (40–45) | 0.29 |
| Plt (×10/L) (median (Q1–Q3) | 238 (201–266) | 223 (175–313) | 0.83 |
| Kidney function | |||
| Creatinine (umol/L) (median (Q1–Q3) | 76 (62–112) | 83 (68–92) | 0.98 |
| Liver tests | |||
| ALT (IU/L) (median (Q1–Q3) | 22 (20–31) | 28 (23–51) | 0.09 |
| HF tests | |||
| BNP (pg/ml) (median (Q1–Q3) | 402 (223–678) | 202 (107–504) | 0.31 |
| Myocardia tests | |||
| CK-MB (ng/ml) (median (Q1–Q3) | 2.1 (1.2–4.7) | 1.5 (1.2–2.2) | 0.16 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/dl) (median (Q1–Q3) | 4.1 (3.0–4.7) | 4.1 (3.3–5.3) | 0.28 |
| HDL (mmol/dL) (median (Q1–Q3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | <0.001 |
| HDL <40 mg/dl (n (%) | 23 (92) | 11 (27.5) | <0.001 |
| LDL (mmol/dL) (median (Q1–Q3) | 2.1 (1.4–2.8) | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | 0.98 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/dL) (median (Q1–Q3) | 2.1 (1.4–2.8) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.005 |
| Triglycerides >150 mg/dl (%) | 15 (60) | 8 (20) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (umol/L) (median (Q1–Q3) | 333 (266–385) | 337 (307–373) | 0.75 |
| Lipoprotein (a) (mg/L) (median (Q1–Q3) | 2.8 (2.2–8.6) | 3.9 (2.1–6.0) | 0.32 |
| 1-Metylhistidine | 7.6 (5.3–10.7) | 6.5 (5.4–8.6) | 0.41 |
| Alpha-aminobutyric acid | 20.0 (17.0–26.5) | 21.4 (18.6–28.7) | 0.58 |
| Alanine | 396.6 (355.2–472.9) | 410.5 (359.7–443.8) | 0.94 |
| Allo-isoleucine | 2.1 (1.4–2.8) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 0.14 |
| Asparagine | 45.3 (41.9–46.8) | 46.6 (42.6–52.7) | 0.16 |
| Glutamine | 589.4 (541.4–614.9) | 603 (504.8–650.2) | 0.73 |
| Histidine | 87.9 (72.1–95.6) | 93.7 (87.1–113.7) | 0.03 |
| Taurine | 153.1 (108.8–168.2) | 133.0 (101.9–160.1) | 0.29 |
| Beta-aminoisobutyric acid | 2.7 (2.2–4.5) | 2.4 (1.4–3.5) | 0.08 |
| Arginine | 80.9 (73.0–91.1) | 88.8 (75.5–101.3) | 0.32 |
| Aspartic acid | 26.9 (20.6–31.7) | 22.6 (18.3–33.0) | 0.82 |
| Ethanolamine | 9.1 (8.4–9.5) | 9.9 (9.3–11.9) | 0.007 |
| Glycine | 251.4 (208.7–290.5) | 240 (198.9–276.2) | 0.35 |
| Lysine | 198.5 (160.7–218.0) | 193.4 (171.8–218.0) | 0.86 |
| Sarcosine | 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | 0.63 |
| Valine | 244.7 (209.6–270.2) | 247.4 (226.7–271.3) | 0.87 |
| Beta-alanine | 2.8 (2.4–3.5) | 2.9 (2.4–3.8) | 0.64 |
| Citrulline | 34.0 (29.3–36.9) | 35.1 (32.7–38.0) | 0.37 |
| Cystine | 61.0 (56.2–72.4) | 52.2 (44.3–61.8) | 0.004 |
| Homocystine | Below LOD | Below LOD | N/A |
| Hydroxylisine | Below LOD | Below LOD | N/A |
| Leucine | 136.7 (118.3–158.9) | 140.8 (122.1–148.2) | 0.89 |
| Serine | 140.7 (117.5–156.0) | 137.6 (118.0–150.9) | 0.93 |
| Threonine | 106.8 (91.9–137.9) | 100.6 (91.3–122.1) | 0.58 |
| Tyrosine | 62.3 (57.3–77.8) | 70.0 (62.6–79.3) | 0.29 |
| 4-hydroxyproline | 7.9 (7.0–13.6) | 13.2 (9.6–15.4) | 0.07 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid | Below LOD | Below LOD | N/A |
| Methionine | 22.9 (20.2–26.9) | 26.0 (21.8–27.6) | 0.26 |
| Phenomyalanine | 71.5 (64.0–81.3) | 75.9 (68.6–87.4) | 0.23 |
| Phosphoethanolamine | Below LOD | Below LOD | N/A |
| Pipecolic acid | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 1.4 (1.0–1.7) | 0.85 |
| Saccharopine | Below LOD | Below LOD | N/A |
| 3-methylhistidine | 12.2 (6.5–19.8) | 10.7 (6.0–23.6) | 0.96 |
| Adenosyl-homocysteine | Below LOD | Below LOD | N/A |
| Alpha-aminoadipic acid | 1.1 (0.9–1.8) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.84 |
| Anserine | Below LOD | Below LOD | N/A |
| Argininosuccinic acid | Below LOD | Below LOD | N/A |
| Glutamic acid | 78.6 (66.8–101.7) | 74.4 (60.0–102.9) | 0.89 |
| Proline | 187.2 (178.1–223.5) | 172. (160.5–188.4) | 0.03 |
| Tryptophane | 52.3 (45.8–60.3) | 61.1 (50.9–68.3) | 0.02 |
| ALT – alanine aminotransferase; BNP – brain natriuretic peptide; CK-MB creatine kinase MB; dL – deciliter; IU – units; HDL – high-density lipoprotein; L -liter; LDL – low-density lipoprotein; MeS – metabolic syndrome; mmol – millimole; umol – micromole; n – number; N/A – not applicable; ng – nanogram; pg – picogram; Q – quartile. | |||