13 April 2026 : Clinical Research
Diagnostic Value of End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Combined With Lactate for Early Detection of Sepsis in Prehospital Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study
Hui Jiang ABCDEF 1,2, Zhihui Xie ADEF 1, Jie Xiang ABE 1, Huiting Wang ACDF 3*, Liu Yang ABEF 1DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951586
Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e951586
Table 1 Patients’ characteristics.
| Sepsis (n=151) | Septic shock (n=128) | Total (n=279) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 57±10 | 54±14 | 55±12 | 0.067 |
| Male, n (%) | 86 (57) | 53 (41) | 139 (50) | 0.103 |
| Respiratory | 29 (19) | 31 (24) | 60 (22) | 0.325 |
| Cardiac | 22 (15) | 25 (19) | 47 (17) | 0.283 |
| Renal/urinary | 20 (13) | 16 (13) | 36 (13) | 0.832 |
| Neurologic | 18 (12) | 20 (16) | 38 (14) | 0.410 |
| Others | 12 (8) | 14 (11) | 26 (9) | 0.724 |
| Transport time, median (IQR) | 32 (16, 44) | 35 (20, 46) | 33 (18, 44) | 0.173 |
| Temperature (°C) | 38.7 (38.3, 39.9) | 39.2 (38.9, 40.2) | 38.9 (38.6, 40.1) | 0.910 |
| Heart rate | 150 (130, 169) | 137 (122, 159) | 149 (129, 167) | 0.609 |
| Respiratory rate | 31 (23, 44) | 28 (21, 40) | 29 (23, 41) | 0.511 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 91 (83, 100) | 81 (77, 89) | 86 (81, 92) | |
| SPO (%) | 99 (95, 100) | 95 (88, 98) | 97 (95, 99) | 0.132 |
| White blood cell count (10/L) | 13±8 | 15±8 | 14±8 | 0.493 |
| Platelet count (10/L) | 279±131 | 270±127 | 274±129 | 0.512 |
| Blood | 20 (13) | 25 (20) | 45 (16) | 0.219 |
| Urine | 27 (18) | 26 (20) | 53 (19) | 0.212 |
| Respiratory | 50 (33) | 30 (23) | 80 (29) | 0.390 |
| Gastrointestinal | 40 (26) | 30 (23) | 70 (25) | 0.429 |
| Other | 14 (9) | 17 (13) | 31 (11) | 0.602 |
| In-hospital mortality | 21 (14) | 40 (31) | 61 (22) | |
| ICU admission | 33 (22) | 60 (47) | 93 (33) | |
| ETCO (mmHg) | 23±4 | 14±3 | 19±6 | |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.5±1.6 | 3.9±2.1 | 3.1±1.9 | |