Diagnostic Value of End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Combined With Lactate for Early Detection of Sepsis in Prehospital Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

13 April 2026 : Clinical Research

Hui Jiang^{ABCDEF 1,2}, Zhihui Xie^{ADEF 1}, Jie Xiang^{ABE 1}, Huiting Wang^{ACDF 3*}, Liu Yang^{ABEF 1}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951586

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e951586

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Table 2 Multivariable logistic regression analyses of ETCO2, lactate and clinical outcomes.

	Septic shock, OR (95%, CI)	ICU admission, OR (95%, CI)	P	In-hospital mortality, OR (95%, CI)
ETCO per 5 mmHg decrease	1.07 (1.01–1.15)^*	1.02 (0.93–1.12)	0.130	1.04 (1.01–1.12)^*
Lactate per 0.5 mmol/L increase	1.10 (1.07–1.21)^*	1.05 (0.99–1.12)	0.519	1.08 (1.01–1.15)^*
Analyses were adjusted for demographic factors (ie, age and sex),comorbidities, infection site,transport time, and first recorded vital parameters at arrival of emergency physician (ie, systolic blood pressure,heart rate and oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry). ^* Significant associations (P

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