01 October 2025 : Editorial
Editorial: Real-World Outcomes of Disease-Modifying Therapies Highlight the Need for Diagnostic Biomarkers in Early Alzheimer’s Disease
Dinah V. Parums C 1*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951655
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e951655
Table 1 Biomarker analysis in Alzheimer’s disease using imaging, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
| Imaging | Blood plasma | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Aβ proteinopathy) (phosphorylated and secreted AD tau) | Amyloid PET– | –p-tau217 | –– |
| Hybrid ratios | – | %p-tau217 | p-tau181/Aβ42, t-tau/Aβ42, Aβ42/40 |
| (Aβ proteinopathy) (phosphorylated and secreted AD tau) | Amyloid PET– | –– | –– |
| Hybrid ratios: | – | %p-tau217 | p-tau 181/Aß42, t-tau/Aβ42, Aβ42/40 |
| (AD tau protein enteropathy) | Tau PET | MTBR-tau243, other p-tau forms (e.g., p-tau205) | MTBR-tau243, other p-tau forms, non-phosphorylated mid-region tau fragments |
| (neutropil injury, dysfunction, or degeneration) | Anatomic MRI, FDG PET | NfL | NfL |
| (inflammation) | – | GFAP | GFAP |
| (dysfunction, or degeneration of neuropil) | Anatomic MRI, FDG PET | NfL | NfL |
| Vascular brain injury | Cerebral infarction on MRI or CT | – | – |
| a-synuclein | – | – | aSyn-SAA |
| AD – Alzheimer’s disease; CT – computed tomography; FDG – fluorodeoxyglucose; GFAP – glial fibrillary acidic protein; MRI – magnetic resonance imaging; MTBR – microtubule binding region of the tau protein; NfL – neurofilament light chain; PET – positron emission tomography; SAA – serum amyloid A. | |||