11 July 2026 : Database Analysis
COVID-19 and Diabetes: Clinical Symptoms, Acute Kidney Injury, Inflammatory Response, and Poor Prognosis Factors
Nur Özer Şensoy
ADE 1*, Mehmet Usta AB 1, Emel Gürcüoğlu CE 2, Alparslan Ersoy F 3, Mustafa Çağatay Büyükuysal C 4
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951864
Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e951864
Table 2 Comparison of clinical parameters between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups.
| Parameters | Diabetic (n=130) | Non-diabetic (n=270) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 93 (60–100) | 94 (65–100) | 0.649a |
| Systolic BP (mmHg), n | 130 (90–195) | 120 (80–220) | <0.001a |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg), n | 75 (50–108) | 73 (50–120) | 0.123a |
| Body temperature (°C), n | 36.5 (35.5–39) | 36.4 (35.6–39.8) | 0.264a |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 89 (60–196) | 87 (55–138) | 0.314a |
| Acute kidney injury, n (%) | 9 (6.9%) | 12 (4.4%) | 0.298b |
| Arrhythmia, n (%) | 13 (10%) | 15 (5.6%) | 0.103b |
| Stroke, n (%) | 1 (0.8%) | 3 (1.1%) | >0.99c |
| Thromboembolism, n (%) | 2 (1.5%) | 3 (1.1%) | 0.662c |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 20 (15.4%) | 48 (17.8%) | 0.551b |
| ICU length of stay (days) | 0 (0–39) | 0 (0–85) | 0.466a |
| NIMV, n (%) | 17 (13.1%) | 54 (20%) | 0.090b |
| NIMV length (days), n | 0 (0–46) | 0 (0–24) | 0.094a |
| MV, n (%) | 9 (6.9%) | 22 (8.1%) | 0.668b |
| MV length (days) | 0 (0–33) | 0 (0–82) | 0.653a |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 12 (9.2%) | 23 (8.5%) | 0.813b |
| Favipiravir, n (%) | 127 (97.7%) | 256 (94.8%) | 0.181b |
| Remdesivir, n (%) | 0 | 2 (0.7%) | >0.99c |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 126 (96.9%) | 260 (96.3%) | >0.99c |
| LMWH, n (%) | 124 (95.4%) | 254 (94.1%) | 0.590b |
| ASA, n (%) | 37 (28.5%) | 70 (25.9%) | 0.592b |
| Steroids, n (%) | 90 (69.2%) | 193 (71.5%) | 0.643b |
| Pulse steroids, n (%) | 17 (13.1%) | 56 (20.7%) | 0.063b |
| Convalescent plasma, n (%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.545c |
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 3 (2.3%) | 9 (3.3%) | 0.758c |
| Abbreviations: ICU; ıntensive care unit, NIMV; nonınvasive mechanical ventilation, MV; mechanical ventilation (ınvasive), LMWH; low-molecular-weight heparin, ASA; acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Data are presented as mean±standard deviation or median (minimum–maximum). a Mann-Whitney U test; b chi-square test; c Fisher exact test. | |||