20 November 2025 : Review article
A Review of the Changing Global Impact of Arthropod-Borne Virus Diseases and Recent Initiatives from the World Health Organization
Dinah V. Parums
DEF 1*
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.951998
Med Sci Monit 2025; 31:e951998
Table 1 Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) and human disease [2,5,6].
| Virus family | Virus | Arthropod vector | Geographic distribution | Clinical presentation | Diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dengue* | Mosquito: | Worldwide, mainly in tropics and subtropics | Fever, myalgia, arthralgia | Clinical presentation, serology | |
| Chikungunya* | Mosquito: | Worldwide, mainly in tropics and subtropics | Fever, myalgia, arthralgia, sore throat | CSF and serum serology and PCR | |
| Zika* | Mosquito: | Mainly in tropics and subtropics | Rash, fever, myalgia. Transplacental transmission. | Serum serology and PCR | |
| Yellow fever* | Mosquito: | Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean | Fever, jaundice, headache | Serum serology and PCR | |
| West Nile virus** | Mosquito: | North America, Southern Europe | Fever, myalgia, meningism | Serology, PCR, CSF IgM | |
| St Louis encephalitis | Mosquito: | Southeastern USA | Fever, myalgia, meningism | Serology and CSF IgM | |
| Powassan virus | Tick: | North America | Fever, headache, meningism | Serum and CSF IgM | |
| Eastern equine encephalitis virus | Mosquito: and | Eastern North America | Fever, meningism | Serum and CSF IgM | |
| Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus | Mosquito: and | Central and South America | Fever, headache, sore throat | Serum and CSF IgM, PCR | |
| La Crosse virus | Mosquito: | Midwestern USA | Fever, headache, seizures (in children) | Serum and CSF IgM | |
| Japanese encephalitis virus | Mosquito: | Asia | Viral encephalitis (in children) | CSF IgM | |
| Rift Valley fever virus | Mosquito: | Africa and Asia | Mild ‘flu-like symptoms | Serology and PCR | |
| Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever | Tick: | Africa, the Balkans, Middle East, Asia | Viral hemorrhagic fever | Serology and PCR | |
| CSF – cerebrospinal fluid; PCR – polymerase chain reaction; IgM – immunoglobulin M; WHO – World Health Organization. * Arbovirus disease identified and prioritized by the World Health Organization []. ** A contender for Disease X. | |||||