Effect of School Backpack Weight on Shape of Children's Feet

Sabina Lizis; Justyna Leszczak; Ewa Puszczałowska-Lizis

doi:10.12659/MSM.952039

04 April 2026 : Clinical Research

Effect of School Backpack Weight on Shape of Children's Feet

Sabina Lizis

^{ABCDEF 1}, Justyna Leszczak

^{ADEF 1}, Ewa Puszczałowska-Lizis

^{ADEF 1*}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.952039

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e952039

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Table 4 Comparison of foot shape characteristics in first and second examination in girls.

Exam	χ̄±SD	Min–Max	Q25	Me	Q75	Statistics
Foot length of the right foot [cm]
1	21.29±0.98	18.80–23.60	20.60	21.40	22.00	t=−3.55<0.001^*
2	21.33±0.99	18.80–23.60	20.80	21.50	22.00	t=−3.55<0.001^*
Foot length of the left foot [cm]
1	21.30±0.98	19.00–23.60	20.70	21.50	21.80	t=−4.01<0.001^*
2	21.38±0.98	19.10–23.60	20.80	21.60	22.00	t=−4.01<0.001^*
Foot width of the right foot [cm]
1	7.86±0.57	6.70–9.00	7.50	7.90	8.20	t=−8.14<0.001^*
2	7.99±0.53	6.70–9.00	7.70	8.00	8.40	t=−8.14<0.001^*
Foot width of the left foot [cm]
1	8.00±0.64	6.60–9.50	7.60	8.00	8.40	t=−8.64<0.001^*
2	8.19±0.60	7.00–9.60	7.80	8.20	8.50	t=−8.64<0.001^*
Clarke’s angle of the right foot [°]
1	36.05±10.10	5.00–50.00	31.00	40.00	42.00	Z=5.51<0.001^*
2	33.84±10.24	5.00–48.00	30.00	38.00	40.00	Z=5.51<0.001^*
Clarke’s angle of the left foot [°]
1	33.49±10.33	0.00–45.00	28.00	37.00	40.00	Z=5.51<0.001^*
2	31.07±10.18	0.00–44.00	27.00	34.00	38.00	Z=5.51<0.001^*
Heel angle γ of the right foot [°]
1	16.31±1.70	13.00–20.00	15.00	16.00	18.00	Z=2.16=0.003^*
2	16.57±1.71	13.00–21.00	15.00	16.00	18.00	Z=2.16=0.003^*
Heel angle γ of the left foot [°]
1	16.67±1.70	14.00–20.00	15.00	16.00	18.00	Z=3.73<0.001^*
2	17.07±1.76	14.00–21.00	16.00	17.00	18.00	Z=3.73<0.001^*
Hallux valgus angle α of the right foot [°]
1	4.51±4.05	−6.00–14.00	2.00	5.00	7.00	t=−0.24=0.811
2	4.57±4.43	−7.00–17.00	2.00	5.00	7.00	t=−0.24=0.811
Hallux valgus angle α of the left foot [°]
1	4.82±4.68	−9.00–15.00	0.00	5.00	9.00	Z=0.93−0.350
2	5.15±5.04	−12.00–13.00	1.00	6.00	9.00	Z=0.93−0.350
Angle of the varus deformity of the fifth toe β of the right foot [°]
1	13.15±5.50	0.00–25.00	9.00	13.00	17.00	t=−4.82<0.001^*
2	14.16±5.53	0.00–26.00	10.00	15.00	17.00	t=−4.82<0.001^*
Angle of the varus deformity of the fifth toe β of the left foot [°]
1	13.62±6.31	0.00–27.00	9.00	14.00	19.00	t=−4.24<0.001^*
2	15.21±5.71	0.00–27.00	11.00	15.00	19.00	t=−4.24<0.001^*
χ̄ – arithmetic mean value; SD – standard deviation; Min – minimum value; Max – maximum value; Q – lower quartile; Me – median; Q – upper quartile; t – value of the test for dependent variables statistics; Z – value of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistics; – probability value. ^*

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