02 July 2026 : Clinical Research
Synergistic Effects of AI-Driven Remote Respiratory Rehabilitation and Cervical Stabilization Exercises on Forward Head Posture, Neck Pain, and Respiratory Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Youn-Joong Oh ABDEF 1, Myung-Mo Lee ACFG 2*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.952496
Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e952496
Table 2 Intervention effects and group×time interactions on pain, disability, posture, quality of life, and headache impact.
| Experimental group (n=22) | Control group (n=22) | t(p) | Time effect F(p) | Time×group interaction F(p) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAS (point) | Pre | 6.90±1.15 | 6.86±1.08 | .137 (.892) | 159.937 (.000) | .018 (.895) |
| Post | 4.72±1.62 | 4.73±0.88 | ||||
| Post-pre | −2.18±1.40 | −2.14±0.77 | .146 (.886) | |||
| t(p) | −7.300 (.000) | −12.941 (.000) | ||||
| NDI (score) | Pre | 17.41±3.78 | 18.5±3.23 | −1.030 (.309) | 513.633 (.000) | 4.474 (.040) |
| Post | 4.36±1.26 | 7.68±1.49 | ||||
| Post-pre | −13.05±3.84 | −10.08±3.11 | 2.204 (.039) | |||
| t(p) | −15.953 (.000) | −16.309 (.000) | ||||
| CVA (angle) | Pre | 46.45±1.93 | 47.29±3.65 | −.881 (.384) | 39.573 (.000) | 17.231 (.000) |
| Post | 52.67±1.62 | 48.56±3.42 | ||||
| Post-pre | 6.22±2.34 | 1.28±5.08 | −4.410 (.000) | |||
| t(p) | 12.461 (.000) | 1.178 (.252) | ||||
| EQ-5D (score) | Pre | 0.68±0.13 | 0.71±0.15 | −.637 (.528) | 28.278 (.000) | 2.638 (.112) |
| Post | 0.82±0.07 | 0.78±0.11 | ||||
| Post-pre | 0.14±0.13 | 0.08±0.14 | −1.904 (.071) | |||
| t(p) | 5.238 (.000) | 2.466 (.022) | ||||
| HIT-6 (score) | Pre | 62.05±2.13 | 61.36±2.75 | .932 (.357) | 82.837 (.000) | 7.354 (.010) |
| Post | 54.82±3.65 | 57.45±3.28 | ||||
| Post-pre | −7.23±4.00 | −3.91±4.12 | 2.638 (.000) | |||
| t(p) | −8.476 (.000) | −4.454 (.000) | ||||
| Mean±standard deviation; VAS – visual analog scale; NDI – Neck Disability Index; CVA – craniovertebral angle; EQ-5D – euroqol-5 dimension; HIT-6 – Headache Impact Test-6. | ||||||