02 July 2026 : Clinical Research
Synergistic Effects of AI-Driven Remote Respiratory Rehabilitation and Cervical Stabilization Exercises on Forward Head Posture, Neck Pain, and Respiratory Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Youn-Joong Oh ABDEF 1, Myung-Mo Lee ACFG 2*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.952496
Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e952496
Table 3 Intervention effects and group×time interactions on pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength.
| Experimental group (n=22) | Control group (n=22) | t(p) | Time effect F(p) | Time×group interaction F(p) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FVC (L) | Pre | 2.04±0.62 | 2.04±0.72 | .016 (.987) | 295.782 (.000) | 39.865 (.000) |
| Post | 2.49±0.59 | 2.25±0.72 | ||||
| Post-pre | 0.45±0.16 | 0.21±0.09 | −2.289 (.033) | |||
| t(p) | 13.703 (.000) | 10.592 (.000) | ||||
| FEV (L) | Pre | 1.81±0.55 | 1.74±0.58 | .410 (.684) | 87.746 (.000) | 7.305 (.010) |
| Post | 2.21±0.57 | 1.96±0.57 | ||||
| Post-pre | 0.40±0.20 | 0.22±0.23 | −2.125 (.046) | |||
| t(p) | 9.266 (.000) | 4.378 (.000) | ||||
| PEF (L/s) | Pre | 2.31±0.65 | 2.53±0.74 | −1.075 (.289) | 54.939 (.000) | 14.902 (.000) |
| Post | 2.78±0.53 | 2.68±0.69 | ||||
| Post-pre | 0.47±0.26 | 0.15±0.02 | −2.172 (.041) | |||
| t(p) | 8.479 (.000) | 2.377 (.027) | ||||
| MIP (cmHO) | Pre | 43.27±3.19 | 43.5±2.76 | −.253 (.802) | 375.459 (.000) | 24.046 (.000) |
| Post | 54.86±3.40 | 50.41±3.75 | ||||
| Post-pre | 11.59±3.69 | 6.91±2.54 | −4.401 (.000) | |||
| t(p) | 14.749 (.000) | 12.743 (.000) | ||||
| MEP (cmHO) | Pre | 44.00±3.22 | 44.55±2.86 | −.594 (.556) | 776.369 (.000) | 61.040 (.000) |
| Post | 55.73±3.18 | 51.14±2.70 | ||||
| Post-pre | 11.73±2.55 | 6.59±1.74 | −9118 (.000) | |||
| t(p) | 21.586 (.000) | 17.803 (.000) | ||||
| Mean±standard deviation; FVC – forced vital capacity; FEV – forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PEF – peak expiratory flow; MIP – maximal inspiratory pressure; MEP – maximal expiratory pressure. | ||||||