02 July 2026 : Clinical Research
Synergistic Effects of AI-Driven Remote Respiratory Rehabilitation and Cervical Stabilization Exercises on Forward Head Posture, Neck Pain, and Respiratory Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Youn-Joong Oh ABDEF 1, Myung-Mo Lee ACFG 2*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.952496
Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e952496
Table 4 Intervention effects and group×time interactions on diaphragm thickness during inspiration and expiration.
| Experimental group (n=22) | Control group (n=22) | t(p) | Time effect F(p) | Time×group interaction F(p) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inspiration (cm) | Pre | 2.05±0.42 | 1.92±0.22 | 1.215 (.231) | 435.605 (.000) | 200.728 (.000) |
| Post | 2.26±0.40 | 2.04±0.23 | ||||
| Post-pre | 0.02±0.03 | 0.01±0.00 | 14.168 (.000) | |||
| t(p) | −35.052 (.000) | −42.590 (.000) | ||||
| Expiration (cm) | Pre | 2.31±0.38 | 2.39±0.22 | −0.880 (.384) | 1.922 (.173) | 1.083 (.304) |
| Post | 2.34±0.37 | 2.40±0.23 | ||||
| Post-pre | 0.03±0.08 | 0.00±0.09 | 1.041 (.304) | |||
| t(p) | −1.779 (.090) | −0.237 (.815) | ||||
| Mean±standard deviation. | ||||||