19 May 2026 : Clinical Research
Association of Novel Oral Appliance Use With Heart Rate Variability in Adolescent Athletes
Jui-Kun Chiang
ACDG 1, Yen-Chang Lin ABD 2, Hsueh-Hsin Kao D 3, Tzu-Ying Hung E 2, Weir-Chiang You DE 3,4*, Yee-Hsin Kao DEF 5
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.952561
Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e952561
Table 4 Post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction, presented as mean difference (adjusted P value).
| Variables | Test 1 | Test 2 | Test 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| RMSSD, milliseconds | |||
| Test 2 | 3.5±18.5 (1.000) | – | – |
| Test 3 | 5.6±16.6 (0.204) | 2.1±20.2 (1.000) | |
| Test 4 | 12.2±22.9 (0.007) | 8.8±24.1 (0.130) | 6.7±19.5 (0.184) |
| p.NN50, % | |||
| Test 2 | 0.7±12.7 (1.000) | – | – |
| Test 3 | 5.2±10.8 (0.018) | 4.4±12.9 (0.174) | – |
| Test 4 | 8.1±14.1 (0.003) | 7.4±16.2 (0.027) | 3.0±11.2 (0.533) |
| SDSD, milliseconds | |||
| Test 2 | 3.5±18.5 (1.000) | – | – |
| Test 3 | 5.6±16.6 (0.204) | 2.1±20.3 (1.000) | – |
| Test 4 | 12.2±23.0 (0.007) | 8.8±24.1 (0.128) | 6.7±19.6 (0.181) |
| LF/HF ratio | |||
| Test 2 | −0.003±4.1 (1.000) | – | – |
| Test 3 | −0.8±4.4 (1.000) | −0.8±1.9 (0.033) | – |
| Test 4 | −0.5±2.0 (0.720) | −0.5±3.3 (1.000) | 0.4±3.0 (1.000) |
| LF power | |||
| Test 2 | 130.2±514.6 (0.628) | – | – |
| Test 3 | −72.8±471.3 (1.000) | −203.0±389.1 (0.008) | – |
| Test 4 | 73.2±612.6 (1.000) | −57.0±688.0 (1.000) | 146.0±566.5 (0.591) |
| HF power | |||
| Test 2 | 5.4±364.5 (1.000) | – | – |
| Test 3 | −3.5±503.4 (1.000) | −8.9±366.9 (1.000) | – |
| Test 4 | 50.0±549.9 (1.000) | 44.6±441.5 (1.000) | 53.5±340.2 (1.000) |
| Timing of tests: test 1, before wearing the LOA; test 2, while wearing the LOA; test 3, immediately after removing the LOA; test 4, 10 to 20 minutes after removing the LOA. HF – absolute power of the high-frequency band; LF – absolute power of the low-frequency band; LOA – Lin Oral Appliance; p.NN50 – NN50 count divided by the total number of NN intervals; RMSSD – root mean square of successive heartbeat interval differences; SDSD – standard deviation of differences between adjacent RR intervals. | |||