19 May 2026 : Clinical Research
Association of Novel Oral Appliance Use With Heart Rate Variability in Adolescent Athletes
Jui-Kun Chiang
ACDG 1, Yen-Chang Lin ABD 2, Hsueh-Hsin Kao D 3, Tzu-Ying Hung E 2, Weir-Chiang You DE 3,4*, Yee-Hsin Kao DEF 5
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.952561
Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e952561
Table 5 Results of autocorrelation-adjusted generalized estimating equations for RMSSD and LF/HF ratio based on multivariable linear regression.
| Outcome | Variable | Estimate | SE | Wald | P value | α |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RMSSD, milliseconds | 0.877 | |||||
| Round of test* | 4.07 | 1.15 | 12.48 | <0.001 | ||
| Male vs female | 3.83 | 8.37 | 0.21 | 0.65 | ||
| BMI | 1.20 | 1.95 | 0.38 | 0.54 | ||
| Age | −3.32 | 3.25 | 1.04 | 0.31 | ||
| Test phase (test 2 vs others) | 0.67 | 2.64 | 0.06 | 0.80 | ||
| Intercept | 85.70 | 54.44 | 2.48 | 0.12 | ||
| LF/HF ratio | 0.574 | |||||
| Round of test* | −0.17 | 0.10 | 2.57 | 0.11 | ||
| Male vs female | −1.21 | 1.09 | 1.23 | 0.27 | ||
| BMI | 0.32 | 0.27 | 1.43 | 0.23 | ||
| Age | 0.42 | 0.27 | 2.41 | 0.12 | ||
| Test phase (test 2 vs others) | 0.40 | 0.37 | 1.17 | 0.28 | ||
| Intercept | −10.23 | 8.17 | 1.57 | 0.21 | ||
| * 10 minutes per round. BMI – body mass index; LF – absolute power of the low-frequency band; HF – absolute power of the high-frequency band; RMSSD – square root of the mean of the squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals; SE – standard error. | ||||||