15 June 2026 : Clinical Research
Impact of Frailty Syndrome on Early and Midterm Adverse Events in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Radosław Wontor AEF 1, Maria Łoboz-Rudnicka
BDEF 1,2*, Bogusława Ołpińska B 1,2, Krzysztof D. Dudek C 3, Magdalena Lisiak B 4,5, Tomasz Bańkowski C 1, Rafał Wyderka D 1,2, Barbara Brzezińska B 1, Krystyna Łoboz-Grudzień AD 1, Joanna Jaroch AD 1,2
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.952737
Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e952737
Table 1 The characteristics of the study group.
| Frailty syndrome | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| AbsentTFI <5 points (n=59) | PresentTFI ≥5 points (n=137) | ||
| Age, mean | 69.5±5.44 | 76.9±7.9 | |
| Sex, female (%) | 19 (32.2) | 58 (42.3) | 0.241 |
| Anamnesis | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 36 (61.0) | 106 (77.4) | |
| Diabetes type 2, n (%) | 18 (30.5) | 41 (29.9) | 0.930 |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | 17 (29.0) | 24 (18.0) | 0.111 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%)6 | 15 (24.5) | 27 (19.7) | 0.481 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 3 (5) | 15 (11) | 0.301 |
| History of myocardial infarction, n (%) | 11 (18.6) | 26 (19.0 | 0.885 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 4 (6.8) | 15 (10.9) | 0.520 |
| Type of ACS | |||
| STEMI, n (%) | 30 (52.5) | 68 (49.6) | 0.828 |
| NSTEMI, n (%) | 29 (47.5) | 69 (50.4) | |
| Acute heart failure (Killip Kimbal III or IV), n (%) | 3 (5.1) | 11 (8.0) | 0.670 |
| ACS management | |||
| Invasive strategy, n (%) | 57 (96.6) | 121 (88.4) | 0.950 |
| PCI, n (%) | 51 (86.4) | 109 (79.6) | 0.350 |
| CABG, n (%) | 6 (10.2) | 12 (8.8) | 0.300 |
| Conservative strategy | 2 (3.4) | 16 (11.6) | 0.960 |
| PCI outcome | |||
| Optimal effect (TIMI 3) | 43 (84.3) | 93 (85.3) | 0.943 |
| Non-optimal effect (TIMI <3) | 8 (15.7) | 16 (14.7) | |
| Pain-to-balloon time (for STEMI) | |||
| <6 hours, n (%) | 22 (70.9) | 49 (72.1) | 0.9 |
| 6–24 hours, n (%) | 7 (22.6) | 16 (23.5) | 0.880 |
| >24 hours, n (%) | 2 (6.5) | 3 (4.4) | 0.950 |
| Pharmacological treatment | |||
| Beta blockers | 54 (91.5) | 122 (89.1) | 0.07 |
| ACEI/ARB | 51 (86.4) | 110 (80.3) | 0.680 |
| OAC6 | 4 (6.8) | 17 (12.4) | 0.840 |
| IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors | 9 (15.3) | 16 (11.7) | 0.650 |
| DAPT | 58 (98.3) | 135 (98.5) | 0.610 |
| Statins | 55 (93.2) | 132 (96.4) | 0.560 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.5±1.5 | 13.0±1.8 | 0.31 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 46.5±10.3 | 44.6±9.9 | 0.402 |
| Hospitalization length (days) | 7.3±3.1 | 10.3±4.9 | |
| ACS – acute coronary syndrome; STEMI – ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI – non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCI – percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG – coronary artery bypass graft surgery; TIMI – thrombolysis in myocardial ischemia grading system; ACEI – angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB – angiotensin II receptor blockers; OAC – oral anticoagulation; DAPT – dual antiplatelet therapy. | |||