Preliminary Evaluation of Large Language Models in Kennedy Classification and Removable Partial Denture Planning: An In Silico Study

Ebru Sümer Ekin; Yalçın Değer; Berivan Dündar Yilmaz; İsmail Yildiz

doi:10.12659/MSM.953353

07 May 2026 : Clinical Research

Preliminary Evaluation of Large Language Models in Kennedy Classification and Removable Partial Denture Planning: An In Silico Study

Ebru Sümer Ekin^{ABDEF 1*}, Yalçın Değer^{BDF 2}, Berivan Dündar Yilmaz^{CDE 2}, İsmail Yildiz^{C 3}

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.953353

Med Sci Monit 2026; 32:e953353

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Table 1 Distribution of 26 partially edentulous cases according to the Fédération Dentaire Internationale tooth numbering system and Kennedy classification (Classes I–IV).

Case No	Arch	Missing tooth numbers	Kennedy Class	Modification
1	Maxilla	14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 25, 26, 27, 28	I	0
2	Mandible	44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38	I	0
3	Maxilla	11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28	I	1
4	Mandible	31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48	I	1
5	Maxilla	12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28	I	2
6	Mandible	31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48	I	2
7	Maxilla	13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28	I	3
8	Mandible	31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 47, 48	I	3
9	Maxilla	22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28	II	0
10	Mandible	34, 35, 36, 37, 38	II	0
11	Maxilla	13, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28	II	1
12	Mandible	31, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48	II	1
13	Maxilla	11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28	II	2
14	Mandible	33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47	II	2
15	Maxilla	12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28	II	3
16	Mandible	31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48	II	3
17	Maxilla	18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28	III	0
18	Mandible	38, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47	III	0
19	Maxilla	13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26	III	1
20	Mandible	33, 34, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46	III	1
21	Maxilla	12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 24, 25, 26, 27	III	2
22	Mandible	31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47	III	2
23	Maxilla	11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27	III	3
24	Mandible	31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47	III	3
25	Maxilla	11, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25	IV	N/A
26	Mandible	31, 32, 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45	IV	N/A
N/A – not applicable (Kennedy Class IV does not include modification spaces).

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Preliminary Evaluation of Large Language Models in Kennedy Classification and Removable Partial Denture Planning: An In Silico Study

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