Figure 2 Neuroinflammation in the CNSA. Hypoxia. Inadequate oxygen supply to the brain leads to ATP crisis and exacerbated inflammatory state. B. Demyelination. A leaky BBB allows the entrance of virus and peripheral lymphocytes into the CNS, resulting in activation of microglia. Reactivated microglia release inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), contributing to demyelination and neuron death. C. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Infiltrating neutrophils adversely impact neuronal function by inducing oligodendrocyte apoptosis. (Created with BioRender.com).