Figure 1 Schematic illustration of neuromodulation techniques applied in aphasia rehabilitation (WPS Office, 12.2.0, Kingsoft Office Software Corporation Limited). This figure illustrates the application of 3 neuromodulation techniques in aphasia rehabilitation: (A) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) – delivering low-intensity electrical current via scalp electrodes to modulate cortical excitability, typically enhancing left hemisphere language areas or inhibiting right hemisphere homologs; (B) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) – applying repetitive magnetic pulses to stimulate or inhibit targeted cortical regions (eg, Broca’s area), using low-frequency (inhibitory) or high-frequency (excitatory) protocols; (C) Mirror neuron system (MNS) therapy – engaging language-related sensorimotor circuits through action observation and imitation tasks, aiming to enhance speech and communication functions behaviorally. tDCS – transcranial direct current stimulation; TMS – transcranial magnetic stimulation; MNS – mirror neuron system.