13 February 2021 : Clinical Research
Factors Affecting the Risk of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Pregnant Women in Tibet Health Facilities
Zhuo-Ma Pubu1BCE, Zhuo-Ma Bianba2CF, Ge Yang1DF, La-Mu CyRen1DF, De-Ji Pubu1DF, Ka-Zhu Suo Lang1F, Bian Zhen1CF, Qu-Zong Zhaxi1F, Zhuo-Ga Nyma1AE*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.928568
Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e928568
Table 1 Univariate analysis of influencing indicators of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in Tibet.
| Variables | PPH group (n=4701) | Non-PPH group (n=95) | Statistical magnitude | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age, n (%) | χ=21.155 | <0.001 | ||
| <35 | 4264 (90.70) | 73 (76.84) | ||
| ≥35 | 437 (9.30) | 22 (23.16) | ||
| Place of residence, n (%) | χ=0.873 | 0.454 | ||
| Rural area | 2490 (52.97) | 41 (43.16) | ||
| Urban area | 2211 (47.03) | 54 (56.84) | ||
| Education, n (%) | χ=9.755 | 0.053 | ||
| Junior high school or below | 2398 (51.01) | 58 (61.05) | ||
| High school or above | 2303 (48.99) | 37 (38.95) | ||
| History of pregnancy | ||||
| Full-term birth, n (%) | – | 0.003 | ||
| 0 | 1955 (41.59) | 28 (29.47) | ||
| 1–3 | 2584 (54.97) | 58 (61.05) | ||
| ≥4 | 162 (3.45) | 9 (9.47) | ||
| Preterm birth, n (%) | χ=20.105 | 0.001 | ||
| No | 4064 (86.45) | 71 (74.74) | ||
| Yes | 637 (13.55) | 24 (25.26) | ||
| Abortion, n (%) | χ=11.575 | 0.022 | ||
| No | 3550 (75.52) | 62 (65.26) | ||
| Yes | 1151 (24.48) | 33 (34.74) | ||
| Gestational age, n (%) | – | 0.568 | ||
| <37 | 72 (1.53) | 2 (2.11) | ||
| 37–40 | 2120 (45.10) | 46 (48.42) | ||
| >40 | 2509 (53.37) | 47 (49.47) | ||
| Condition of perineum, n (%) | χ=56.724 | <0.001 | ||
| Full | 1169 (24.87) | 11 (11.58) | ||
| Incision | 2280 (48.50) | 29 (30.53) | ||
| Laceration | 355 (7.55) | 8 (8.42) | ||
| Unclear | 897 (19.08) | 47 (49.47) | ||
| Delivery mode, n (%) | χ=89.790 | <0.001 | ||
| Vaginal birth | 4123 (87.70) | 52 (54.74) | ||
| Cesarean section | 578 (12.30) | 43 (45.26) | ||
| Number of fetuses, n (%) | – | 0.059 | ||
| Single birth | 4683 (99.62) | 93 (97.89) | ||
| Multiple births | 18 (0.38) | 2 (2.11) | ||
| Neonatal weight, n (%) | – | <0.001 | ||
| ≤4 | 4628 (98.45) | 87 (91.58) | ||
| >4 | 73 (1.55) | 8 (8.42) | ||
| Neonatal head circumference, n (%) | χ=0.770 | 0.380 | ||
| <34.0 | 1892 (40.25) | 34 (35.79) | ||
| ≥34.0 | 2809 (59.75) | 61 (64.21) | ||
| Placental weight, n (%) | χ=6.130 | 0.013 | ||
| <600 | 2335 (49.67) | 35 (36.84) | ||
| ≥600 | 2366 (50.33) | 60 (63.16) | ||
| Neonatal asphyxia, n (%) | – | 0.003 | ||
| No | 4632 (98.53) | 89 (93.68) | ||
| Yes | 69 (1.47) | 6 (6.32) | ||
| Number of prenatal examinations, n (%) | χ=1.192 | 0.275 | ||
| <5 | 1390 (29.57) | 33 (34.74) | ||
| ≥5 | 3311 (70.43) | 62 (65.26) | ||
| Prenatal complications | – | |||
| ICP, n (%) | 0.448 | |||
| No | 4605 (97.96) | 92 (96.84) | ||
| Yes | 96 (2.04) | 3 (3.16) | ||
| Anemia, n (%) | χ=0.519 | 0.471 | ||
| No | 3981 (84.68) | 83 (87.37) | ||
| Yes | 720 (15.32) | 12 (12.63) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | – | 0.299 | ||
| No | 4586 (97.55) | 91 (95.79) | ||
| Yes | 115 (2.45) | 4 (4.21) | ||
| Eclampsia, n (%) | χ=0.608 | 0.436 | ||
| No | 4298 (91.43) | 89 (93.68) | ||
| Yes | 403 (8.57) | 6 (6.32) | ||
| Thrombocytopenia, n (%) | – | 1.000 | ||
| No | 4674 (99.43) | 95 (100.0) | ||
| Yes | 27 (0.57) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| HBV, n (%) | – | 0.117 | ||
| No | 4508 (95.89) | 88 (92.63) | ||
| Yes | 193 (4.11) | 7 (7.37) | ||
| Other inflammation, n (%) | χ=5.816 | 0.016 | ||
| No | 4143 (88.13) | 117 (84.78) | ||
| Yes | 558 (11.87) | 21 (15.22) | ||
| Laboratory inspection indexes | ||||
| Hb, (mean±SD) | 122.59±17.09 | 122.11±19.03 | t=0.28 | 0.783 |
| RBC, (mean±SD) | 3.80±0.58 | 3.74±0.59 | t=1.01 | 0.315 |
| HCT, (mean±SD) | 38.53±9.21 | 37.71±5.30 | t=1.47 | 0.144 |
| PLT, (mean±SD) | 185.76±60.05 | 175.34±66.65 | t=1.67 | 0.095 |
| Bacterial vaginosis, n (%) | χ=0.77 | 0.381 | ||
| Negative | 422 (8.98) | 11 (11.58) | ||
| Positive | 4279 (91.02) | 84 (88.42) | ||
| Amniotic fluid condition, n (%) | χ=6.713 | 0.010 | ||
| Clear | 4345 (92.43) | 81 (85.26) | ||
| Polluted | 356 (7.57) | 14 (14.74) | ||
| Prenatal LOS, (mean±SD) | 7.38±4.48 | 9.32±4.76 | t=−4.16 | <0.001 |
| PPH – postpartum hemorrhage; ICP – intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy; HBV – hepatitis B virus; Hb – hemoglobin; RBC – red blood cell; HCT – hematocrit; PLT – platelets; LOS – length of stay. | ||||