13 December 2020 : Review article
Does Virus-Receptor Interplay Influence Human Coronaviruses Infection Outcome?
Jolanta Bratosiewicz-Wąsik1ABEF*, Tomasz J. Wąsik2ABEFGDOI: 10.12659/MSM.928572
Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e928572
Table 1 Table. Structural and nonstructural proteins of coronaviruses and their functions.
| Protein | Function |
|---|---|
| S | Spike protein on the viral surface responsible for attachment to host receptors |
| E | Envelope protein crucial for virus assembly and release |
| M | Membrane protein facilitates viral assembly by interacting with other viral proteins and with the RNA packaging signal |
| N | Nucleoprotein ensuring selective genome protection and incorporation into the virions; N protein binds to nsp3 to perform the replication-transcription complex assembling |
| nsp1 | Inhibition of IFN-1 induction and signaling; translation inhibition via binding to the 40S ribosome of the host cell; induction of host mRNA cleavage and decay |
| nsp2 | Binds to prohibitin 1 and 2 proteins disrupting the host cell environment |
| nsp3 | Papain-like proteinase; releases of nsp1, nsp2 and nsp3 from the polyproteins |
| nsp4 | Interacts with nsp3; plays a role in membrane rearrangement |
| nsp5 | Cleaves viral polyprotein |
| nsp6 | Generate autophagosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum; prevents autophagosomes from delivering viral components for degradation in lysosomes |
| nsp7 | Forms a complex with nsp8 as a cofactor for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nsp12 |
| nsp8 | Forms a complex with nsp7 as a cofactor for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase nsp12 |
| nsp9 | ssRNA-binding protein; interacts with the DEAD-box RNA helicase 5 |
| nsp10 | Stimulates activity of nsp14 and nsp16 |
| nsp11 | Function unknown |
| nsp12 | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase performing both replication and transcription |
| nsp13 | Helicase unwinds dsRNA; 5′-triphosphatase introduces the 5′-terminal cap of the viral mRNA |
| nsp14 | 3′-5′exoribonuclease ensures proof reading during RNA replication; N7-guanine methyltransferase introduces the 5′-terminal cap of the viral mRNA |
| nsp15 | Endoribonuclease cleaves RNA at uridylates at the 3′-position to form a 2′-3′ cyclic phosphodiester product; degrades viral dsRNA to prevent host recognition |
| nsp16 | 2′-O-ribose-methylotransferase methylates the 2′-hydroxyl group of adenine during viral mRNA capping |