15 September 2021: Clinical Research
Development and Validation of a Prevalence Model for Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) Among Patients First Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
Zhida Wang 1ABCDEF* , Jie Zhang 2ABCDEF* , Hui Xu 3CDEF , Liming Chen 1ADEFG* , Abigail Dove 4ADEFDOI: 10.12659/MSM.932725
Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e932725
Table 1 Comparison of the clinical features among patients with T2DM vs LADA.
| Clinical features | T2DM (n=880) | LADA (n=50) | Z/t/χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 56 (49, 62) | 55 (41, 59) | −2.497 | 0.013 |
| Sex | 1.610 | 0.204 | ||
| Men | 537 (61.0%) | 35 (70.0%) | ||
| Ethnicity | 1.757 | 0.415 | ||
| Ethnic Han | 855 (97.2%) | 47 (94.0%) | ||
| Education level | 5.988 | 0.112 | ||
| Elementary school | 59 (6.7%) | 3 (6.0%) | ||
| Junior high school | 314 (35.7%) | 10 (20.0%) | ||
| High school | 295 (33.5%) | 22 (44.0%) | ||
| University | 212 (24.1%) | 15 (30.0%) | ||
| Polydipsia or polyphagia or polyuria (yes) | 372 (42.3%) | 28 (56.0%) | 0.058 | 0.810 |
| Emaciation (yes) | 368 (41.8%) | 25 (50.0%) | 1.298 | 0.255 |
| Eye floaters (yes) | 252 (28.6%) | 10 (20.0%) | 1.744 | 0.187 |
| Arm and leg numbness (yes) | 275 (31.3%) | 16 (32.0%) | 0.012 | 0.911 |
| Personal disease history | ||||
| High blood pressure (yes) | 423 (48.1%) | 20 (40.0%) | 1.235 | 0.266 |
| Coronary heart disease (yes) | 209 (23.8%) | 10 (20.0%) | 0.370 | 0.543 |
| High blood lipids (yes) | 505 (57.4%) | 34 (68.0%) | 2.187 | 0.139 |
| Family disease history | ||||
| Diabetes (yes) | 472 (53.6%) | 27 (54.0%) | 0.003 | 0.960 |
| Coronary heart disease (yes) | 335 (38.1%) | 13 (26.0%) | 2.943 | 0.086 |
| High blood pressure (yes) | 530 (60.2%) | 30 (60.0%) | 0.001 | 0.975 |
| Ketosis (yes) | 53 (6.0%) | 10 (20.0%) | ||
| Smoking (yes) | 439 (49.9%) | 39 (78.0%) | ||
| Alcohol drinking (yes) | 254 (28.9%) | 10 (20.0%) | 1.828 | 0.176 |
| Abdominal obesity | 747 (84.9%) | 36 (72.0%) | 5.904 | 0.015 |
| Clinical testing | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.70 (6.90, 8.78) | 8.10 (7.30, 9.60) | − | 0.013 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.41 (7.51, 9.58) | 9.17 (7.65, 11.73) | − | 0.016 |
| 1hPG (mmol/L) | 16.86±2.57 | 18.65±3.05 | − | |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 16.91 (14.79, 19.27) | 19.28±4.90 | − | 0.001 |
| FINS (mIU/L) | 14.65 (9.97, 21.18) | 13.28 (8.73, 20.92) | −1.033 | 0.301 |
| 1hINS (mIU/L) | 48.09 (32.68, 72.56) | 38.85 (17.08, 71.47) | − | 0.025 |
| 2hINS (mIU/L) | 58.29 (39.01, 90.44) | 40.90 (23,21, 74.90) | − | 0.002 |
| FCP (ng/ml) | 2.39 (1.90, 3.04) | 2.00 (1.71, 2.95) | − | 0.046 |
| 1hCP (ng/ml) | 5.00 (3.98, 6.25) | 4.49±2.17 | − | 0.005 |
| 2hCP (ng/ml) | 6.48 (5.26, 8.29) | 5.68±2.86 | − | |
| Pancreatic β-cell function | ||||
| PG-AUC | 29.59 (26.58, 32.67) | 33.31±6.50 | −3.936 | |
| 1hPG-AUC | 12.67 (11.52, 14.05) | 14.35±2.86 | −3.202 | 0.001 |
| 2hPG-AUC | 16.86 (15.05, 18.73) | 18.96±3.78 | −3.176 | 0.001 |
| INS-AUC | 85.67 (58.55, 131.27) | 81.50±53.33 | −2.474 | 0.013 |
| 1hINS-AUC | 32.04 (21.49, 47.97) | 27.46 (11.74, 46.11) | −1.643 | 0.100 |
| 2hINS-AUC | 54.34 (36.52, 81.93) | 40.91 (20.39, 75.30) | −2.080 | 0.038 |
| CP-AUC | 9.57 (7.73, 11.72) | 8.49±3.85 | −3.049 | 0.002 |
| 1hCP-AUC | 3.76 (3.03, 4.63) | 3.41±1.45 | −2.430 | 0.015 |
| 2hCP-AUC | 5.80 (4.67, 7.24) | 5.08±2.47 | −2.798 | 0.005 |
| HOMA2-β (%) | 52.55 (41.33, 67.70) | 48.30 (26.35, 64.25) | −2.818 | 0.005 |