11 December 2021 : Clinical Research
Retrospective Study of 1255 Non-Anticoagulated Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation to Determine the Risk of Ischemic Stroke Associated with Left Atrial Spontaneous Echo Contrast on Transesophageal Echocardiography
Kesen Liu1ABCDEF, Yukun Li1B, Kui Wu1B, Junlei Li1C, Yong Zhu1CD, Fei Guo1CD, Rong Bai1AEF, Jianzeng Dong1ADEFG*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.934795
Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e934795
Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with and without left atrial spontaneous echo contrast.
| Variables | All n=1255 | LASEC (−) n=1116 | LASEC (+) n=139 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59.75±10.23 | 59.48±10.30 | 61.94±9.41 | 0.007 |
| Age ≥75, n (%) | 75 (6) | 65 (5.8) | 10 (7.2) | 0.567 |
| Age 65–74, n (%) | 338 (26.9) | 293 (26.3) | 45 (32.4) | 0.125 |
| Female, n (%) | 395 (31.5) | 360 (32.3) | 35 (25.2) | 0.1 |
| BMI, kg/m | 25.65±2.94 | 25.59±2.96 | 26.17±2.68 | 0.027 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 94 (7.5) | 51 (4.6) | 43 (30.9) | <0.001 |
| Prior myocardial infarction, n (%) | 18 (1.4) | 14 (1.3) | 4 (2.9) | 0.129 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 664 (52.9) | 583 (52.2) | 81 (58.3) | 0.207 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 216 (17.2) | 189 (16.9) | 27 (19.4) | 0.475 |
| Previous stroke/TIA, n (%) | 77 (6.1) | 57 (5.1) | 20 (14.4) | <0.001 |
| Vascular disease, n (%) | 34 (2.7) | 27 (2.4) | 7 (5) | 0.09 |
| Non-paroxysmal AF, n (%) | 436 (34.7) | 315 (28.2) | 121 (87.1) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 160 (12.7) | 142 (12.7) | 18 (12.9) | 0.893 |
| Left atrial diameter, mm | 38.89±4.70 | 38.37±4.56 | 43.07±3.64 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial enlargement, n (%) | 422 (33.6) | 317 (28.4) | 105 (75.5) | <0.001 |
| LVEF,% | 62.10±5.88 | 62.52±5.42 | 58.69±7.95 | <0.001 |
| LVEF <50%, n (%) | 47 (3.7) | 26 (2.3) | 21 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| LVEDD, mm | 47.92±4.42 | 47.83±4.34 | 48.64±4.95 | 0.067 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc Score | 1.62±1.33 | 1.56±1.31 | 2.13±1.42 | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.89 (0.45–2.02) | 0.84 (0.43–1.92) | 1.22 (0.60–2.52) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | 356.39±90.28 | 352.23±87.76 | 389.77±102.85 | <0.001 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 81 (52–125) | 79.5 (51–124.00) | 88 (61–132.50) | 0.05 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 75.89±41.28 | 75.56±43.28 | 78.49±18.48 | 0.43 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m | 91.51±17.42 | 92.02±17.56 | 87.39±15.78 | 0.003 |
| Homocysteine, μmol/L | 14.17±7.32 | 14.01±7.30 | 15.49±7.38 | 0.025 |
| Antiplatelet agent usage, n (%) | 192 (15.3) | 171 (15.3) | 21 (15.1) | 1 |
| LASEC – left atrial spontaneous echo contrast; BMI – body mass index; TIA – transient ischemic attack; AF,– atrial fibrillation; LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD – left ventricular end diastolic diameter; CRP – C-reactive protein; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate. | ||||