11 December 2021: Clinical Research
Retrospective Study of 1255 Non-Anticoagulated Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation to Determine the Risk of Ischemic Stroke Associated with Left Atrial Spontaneous Echo Contrast on Transesophageal Echocardiography
Kesen Liu ABCDEF , Yukun Li B , Kui Wu B , Junlei Li C , Yong Zhu CD , Fei Guo CD , Rong Bai AEF , Jianzeng Dong ADEFG*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.934795
Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e934795
Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with and without left atrial spontaneous echo contrast.
| Variables | All n=1255 | LASEC (−) n=1116 | LASEC (+) n=139 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59.75±10.23 | 59.48±10.30 | 61.94±9.41 | 0.007 |
| Age ≥75, n (%) | 75 (6) | 65 (5.8) | 10 (7.2) | 0.567 |
| Age 65–74, n (%) | 338 (26.9) | 293 (26.3) | 45 (32.4) | 0.125 |
| Female, n (%) | 395 (31.5) | 360 (32.3) | 35 (25.2) | 0.1 |
| BMI, kg/m | 25.65±2.94 | 25.59±2.96 | 26.17±2.68 | 0.027 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 94 (7.5) | 51 (4.6) | 43 (30.9) | |
| Prior myocardial infarction, n (%) | 18 (1.4) | 14 (1.3) | 4 (2.9) | 0.129 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 664 (52.9) | 583 (52.2) | 81 (58.3) | 0.207 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 216 (17.2) | 189 (16.9) | 27 (19.4) | 0.475 |
| Previous stroke/TIA, n (%) | 77 (6.1) | 57 (5.1) | 20 (14.4) | |
| Vascular disease, n (%) | 34 (2.7) | 27 (2.4) | 7 (5) | 0.09 |
| Non-paroxysmal AF, n (%) | 436 (34.7) | 315 (28.2) | 121 (87.1) | |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 160 (12.7) | 142 (12.7) | 18 (12.9) | 0.893 |
| Left atrial diameter, mm | 38.89±4.70 | 38.37±4.56 | 43.07±3.64 | |
| Left atrial enlargement, n (%) | 422 (33.6) | 317 (28.4) | 105 (75.5) | |
| LVEF,% | 62.10±5.88 | 62.52±5.42 | 58.69±7.95 | |
| LVEF | 47 (3.7) | 26 (2.3) | 21 (15.1) | |
| LVEDD, mm | 47.92±4.42 | 47.83±4.34 | 48.64±4.95 | 0.067 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc Score | 1.62±1.33 | 1.56±1.31 | 2.13±1.42 | |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.89 (0.45–2.02) | 0.84 (0.43–1.92) | 1.22 (0.60–2.52) | |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | 356.39±90.28 | 352.23±87.76 | 389.77±102.85 | |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 81 (52–125) | 79.5 (51–124.00) | 88 (61–132.50) | 0.05 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 75.89±41.28 | 75.56±43.28 | 78.49±18.48 | 0.43 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m | 91.51±17.42 | 92.02±17.56 | 87.39±15.78 | 0.003 |
| Homocysteine, μmol/L | 14.17±7.32 | 14.01±7.30 | 15.49±7.38 | 0.025 |
| Antiplatelet agent usage, n (%) | 192 (15.3) | 171 (15.3) | 21 (15.1) | 1 |
| LASEC – left atrial spontaneous echo contrast; BMI – body mass index; TIA – transient ischemic attack; AF,– atrial fibrillation; LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD – left ventricular end diastolic diameter; CRP – C-reactive protein; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate. | ||||