05 September 2022 : Clinical Research
Interaction of High-Sugar Diet and History of Stroke with Risk of Cognitive Decline in Older Adults
Qian Xu1AEFG, Sicong Zhang2BCD, Yanqing Gu1C, Ping Wang1D, Qian Zhang1B, Chunlei Shan234AEG*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.937572
Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e937572
Table 1 The characteristics of participants with and without cognitive decline.
| Characteristics | Total (n=2710) | Group | Statistics | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-cognitive decline group (n=1678) | Cognitive decline group (n=1032) | ||||
| Age, Mean (S.E) | 69.10 (0.20) | 68.95 (0.22) | 69.59 (0.33) | t=−1.770 | 0.086 |
| Gender, n (%) | χ=7.615 | 0.006 | |||
| Male | 1335 (46.34) | 757 (44.80) | 578 (51.34) | ||
| Female | 1375 (53.66) | 921 (55.20) | 454 (48.66) | ||
| BMI, Mean (S.E) | 29.18 (0.23) | 29.07 (0.25) | 29.52 (0.38) | t=−1.140 | 0.263 |
| Race, n (%) | χ=162.821 | <0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 233 (3.23) | 97 (1.82) | 136 (7.82) | ||
| Other race | 505 (8.21) | 258 (6.35) | 247 (14.26) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1330 (80.45) | 1051 (87.16) | 279 (58.66) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 642 (8.10) | 272 (4.67) | 370 (19.27) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | χ=27.032 | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 1502 (63.10) | 983 (66.33) | 519 (52.62) | ||
| Widowed/divorced | 977 (29.96) | 563 (27.55) | 414 (37.78) | ||
| Unmarried | 154 (4.19) | 85 (3.64) | 69 (5.96) | ||
| Cohabitation | 77 (2.75) | 47 (2.48) | 30 (3.64) | ||
| Education, n (%) | χ=513.353 | <0.001 | |||
| Less than high school | 674 (15.45) | 182 (8.10) | 492 (39.31) | ||
| High school | 639 (22.25) | 375 (19.96) | 264 (29.69) | ||
| More than high school | 1397 (62.30) | 1121 (71.94) | 276 (31.00) | ||
| Family annual income, n (%) | χ | χ=143.058 | <0.001 | ||
| <$20,000 | 737 (17.27) | 321 (11.69) | 416 (35.39) | ||
| ≥$20,000 | 1973 (82.73) | 1357 (88.31) | 616 (64.61) | ||
| Sleep disorder, n (%) | 333 (12.37) | 207 (12.58) | 126 (11.70) | χ=0.278 | 0.598 |
| Sleep duration (h), Mean (S.E) | 7.14 (0.02) | 7.15 (0.03) | 7.13 (0.06) | t=0.300 | 0.763 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 1385 (50.48) | 835 (49.54) | 550 (53.52) | χ=2.470 | 0.116 |
| Drinker, n (%) | 848 (26.78) | 479 (23.72) | 369 (36.74) | χ=75.132 | <0.001 |
| Vigorous work activity, n (%) | χ=13.223 | 0.001 | |||
| Vigorous-intensity activities | 299 (13.26) | 203 (14.61) | 96 (8.88) | ||
| Moderate-intensity activities | 546 (22.35) | 378 (23.60) | 168 (18.30) | ||
| Others | 1865 (64.39) | 1097 (61.80) | 768 (72.82) | ||
| Vigorous recreational activities, n (%) | χ=106.335 | <0.001 | |||
| Vigorous-intensity activities | 257 (11.75) | 209 (14.40) | 48 (3.15) | ||
| Moderate-intensity activities | 887 (34.03) | 608 (36.86) | 279 (24.81) | ||
| Others | 1566 (54.22) | 861 (48.74) | 705 (72.04) | ||
| Depression, n (%) | 237 (7.07) | 90 (5.13) | 147 (13.35) | χ=30.445 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1695 (58.74) | 1016 (56.64) | 679 (65.55) | χ=10.461 | 0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 669 (20.51) | 341 (17.22) | 328 (31.22) | χ=21.835 | <0.001 |
| CHF, n (%) | 198 (6.89) | 99 (5.79) | 99 (10.45) | χ=8.288 | 0.004 |
| CHD, n (%) | 256 (9.80) | 166 (9.72) | 90 (10.05) | χ=0.023 | 0.880 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 240 (8.82) | 135 (7.91) | 105 (11.76) | χ=6.788 | 0.009 |
| TC, Mean (S.E) | 194.26 (1.27) | 196.53 (1.51) | 186.87 (1.62) | t=4.560 | <0.001 |
| HDL, Mean (S.E) | 56.49 (0.62) | 57.20 (0.74) | 54.18 (0.79) | t=2.940 | 0.006 |
| GHb, Mean (S.E) | 5.95 (0.03) | 5.88 (0.03) | 6.19 (0.07) | t=−3.740 | <0.001 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | χ=17.321 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 187 (6.29) | 84 (4.81) | 103 (11.09) | ||
| No | 2523 (93.71) | 1594 (95.19) | 929 (88.91) | ||
| Content of added sugars, n (%) | χ=16.491 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal level | 1979 (75.03) | 1276 (77.41) | 703 (67.28) | ||
| High level | 731 (24.97) | 402 (22.59) | 329 (32.72) | ||
| BMI – body mass index; CHF – congestive heart failure; CHD – coronary heart disease; HDL – high-density lipoprotein; GHb – glycosylated hemoglobin. | |||||