24 January 2023: Clinical Research
Effects of Caregiver’s Gender or Distance Between Caregiver and Patient’s Home on Home Discharge from Hospital in 285 Patients Aged ≥75 Years in Japan
Yoshimasa Oda 12ABCDEF* , Naoko E. Katsuki 1ABCDEF* , Masaki Tago 1ABDEFG* , Risa Hirata 1CDEF , Osamu Kojiro 3ABE , Masanori Nishiyama 2ADE , Masamichi Oda 3E , Shu-ichi Yamashita 1ADEDOI: 10.12659/MSM.939202
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e939202
Table 3 Comparison between the Home group and the Other group concerning the factors on the side of patient’s caregiver.
| Variables, category (unit) | Available number | All patients184 | Home group191 | Other group†94 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caregiver’s age (years) | 230 | 63 (55–71) | 64 (55–75) | 61 (53–67) | 0.044* |
| Caregiver’s gender, woman | 271 | 176 (65%) | 124 (69%) | 52 (57%) | 0.044* |
| Family relationship to the patient, spouse | 270 | 58 (22%) | 53 (30%) | 5 (5.5%) | * |
| Child | 140 (52%) | 84 (47%) | 56 (62%) | ||
| Parent | 3 (1.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1 (1.1%) | ||
| Grande child | 4 (1.5%) | 3 (1.7%) | 1 (1.1%) | ||
| Sibling | 7 (2.6%) | 3 (1.7%) | 4 (4.4%) | ||
| Child’s spouse | 46 (17%) | 31 (17%) | 15 (17%) | ||
| Others | 12 (4.4%) | 3 (1.7%) | 9 (9.9%) | ||
| Distance between where the patient and caregiver lived, 1: same house, 2: different house but within 5-minute walk, 3: more distant but in the same city, 4: more distant but same prefecture, 5: outside the prefecture | 267 | 1 (1–3) | 1 (1–1) | 3 (1–4) | * |
| Weekly time available for caregiving (hours) | 193 | 42 (7–120) | 70 (15–168) | 7 (3–48) | * |
| Monthly financial expense for the patient, under 7.2 USD | 253 | 7 (2.8%) | 4 (2.4%) | 3 (3.5%) | 0.068 |
| 7.2–71 USD | 27 (11%) | 17 (10%) | 10 (12%) | ||
| 72–216 USD | 64 (25%) | 37 (22%) | 27 (31%) | ||
| 217–360 USD | 31 (12%) | 21 (13%) | 10 (12%) | ||
| 361 USD or more | 39 (15%) | 26 (16%) | 13 (15%) | ||
| Did not wish to answer | 85 (34%) | 62 (37%) | 23 (27%) | ||
| SF-12, physical function‡ | 254 | 56 (42–56) | 56 (29–56) | 56 (43–56) | 0.809 |
| SF-12, role of daily life on physical‡ | 255 | 43 (30–56) | 43 (30–56) | 43 (30–56) | 0.510 |
| SF-12, pain‡ | 251 | 46 (35–57) | 46 (35–57) | 46 (35–57) | 0.833 |
| SF-12, feeling of health‡ | 257 | 52 (36–52) | 52 (36–52) | 52 (36–52) | 0.208 |
| SF-12, vitality‡ | 253 | 48 (39–57) | 48 (39–57) | 48 (39–57) | 0.137 |
| SF-12, social function‡ | 248 | 45 (34–57) | 45 (34–57) | 45 (34–57) | 0.390 |
| SF-12, role of life on psychiatry‡ | 255 | 44 (32–56) | 44 (32–56) | 44 (32–56) | 0.285 |
| SF-12, mental health‡ | 256 | 46 (40–52) | 46 (40–52) | 46 (40–52) | 0.330 |
| Total score of BIC-11, ranging from 0 to 44§ | 218 | 13 (9–20) | 13 (9–20) | 15 (10–19) | 0.437 |
| Previous experience of caregiving, experience | 262 | 113 (43%) | 74 (43%) | 39 (44%) | 0.896 |
| Whether a second caregiver was present, present | 262 | 156 (60%) | 103 (60%) | 53 (59%) | 0.895 |
| Preference to let the patient stay home after discharge (VAS)¶ | 255 | 80 (50–100) | 100 (50–100) | 50 (0–55) | * |
| Preference to let the patient stay at LTC facility after discharge (VAS)¶ | 254 | 50 (0–76) | 10 (0–50) | 80 (50–100) | * |
| Preference to let the patient stay at another hospital after discharge (VAS)¶ | 243 | 0 (1–50) | 0 (0–50) | 50 (0–50) | * |
| Preference to let the patient stay home during LTC life (VAS)¶ | 186 | 50 (0–70) | 50 (10–80) | 10 (0–50) | 0.001* |
| Preference to let the patient stay at LTC facility during LTC life (VAS)¶ | 188 | 50 (30–100) | 50 (30–81) | 88 (58–100) | 0.001* |
| Preference to let the patient stay at another hospital during LTC life (VAS)¶ | 189 | 50 (3–70) | 50 (0–70) | 50 (15–70) | 0.666 |
| Preference to let the patient stay home at the end stage of life (VAS)¶ | 250 | 50 (25–80) | 50 (50–90) | 50 (0–70) | 0.006* |
| Preference to let the patient stay at LTC facility at the end stage of life (VAS)¶ | 246 | 50 (0–50) | 50 (0–50) | 50 (3–50) | 0.066 |
| Preference to let the patient stay at another hospital at the end stage of life (VAS)¶ | 244 | 50 (30–70) | 50 (30–50) | 50 (35–88) | 0.171 |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of home-visit medical care, 4 levels# | 259 | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 0.061 |
| Caregiver’s l knowledge of home-visit nursing care, 4 levels# | 265 | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 0.690 |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of home-visit rehabilitation, 4 levels# | 263 | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 0.640 |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of home-visit LTC, 4 levels# | 264 | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 0.250 |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of care manager, 4 levels# | 265 | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 0.214 |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of care manager in the hospital, 4 levels# | 263 | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (2–3) | 0.034* |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of LTC insurance system, 4 levels# | 261 | 3 (3–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (3–4) | 0.211 |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of the cost of home-visit medical care, 3 levelsa | 260 | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.612 |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of the cost of home-visit nursing care under medical insurance, 3 levelsa | 260 | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.542 |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of the cost of home-visit medical care under LTC insurance, 3 levelsa | 257 | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.542 |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of the cost of home-visit rehabilitation under LTC insurance, 3 levelsa | 259 | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.345 |
| Caregiver’s knowledge of the cost of home-visit LTC, 3 levelsa | 255 | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–2) | 0.311 |
| Categorical variables are presented as absolute number (percentage) and were compared using the chi-square test. Continuous variables are presented as medians (interquartile range) and were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. † The other group includes the patient who stayed or deceased at either LTC facility or another hospital. ‡ SF-12, 12-item short-form health survey, is a measure of physical and mental health related to quality of life. The score 50 of SF-12 signifies a standard deviation for each of the eight categories: a higher score indicates better quality. § BIC-11, Burden index of caregivers, is a measure of the caregiver’s burden from five domains (time-dependent, emotional, existential, physical, and service-related) The total BIC-11 score ranges from 0 to 44: a higher score indicates greater caregiver burden. ¶ Preference was asked by VAS ranging from 0 to 100. # The knowledge of each service was asked by 4 levels, 1: had never heard about the service, 2: had heard the term of, 3: was well informed, 4: had experience of use. a The knowledge of the cost of each service was asked by 3 levels; 1: had never heard the cost, 2: had heard the cost, 3: had experience of using the service. * USD – US dollar; LTC – long-term care; VAS – visual analog scales. | |||||