20 March 2023: Clinical Research
An Online Questionnaire-Based Survey of 1076 Individuals in Poland to Identify the Prevalence of Ophthalmic Symptoms in Autumn 2022
Agnieszka Kamińska 1ABCDEF* , Mateusz Jankowski 2ACE , Magdalena Barbara Rejdak 3DE , Janusz Ostrowski 2DE , Robert Rejdak 4DE , Jarosław Pinkas 2DEDOI: 10.12659/MSM.939622
Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e939622
Table 3 The prevalence of ophthalmic symptoms and vision problems by sociodemographic factors (n=1076).
| Variable | Vision deterioration | Blurred vision | Burning and stinging eyes | Bloodshot eyes (or red eyes) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 136 (23.3) | 0.1 | 108 (18.5) | 0.01 | 135 (23.2) | 0.2 | 80 (13.7) | 0.1 |
| Male | 93 (18.9) | 61 (12.4) | 97 (19.7) | 51 (10.3) | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 18–29 | 31 (14.2) | 0.003 | 39 (17.8) | 0.4 | 51 (23.3) | 0.6 | 30 (13.7) | 0.7 |
| 30–39 | 36 (17.1) | 35 (16.6) | 41 (19.4) | 28 (13.3) | ||||
| 40–49 | 44 (23.7) | 34 (18.3) | 35 (18.8) | 24 (12.9) | ||||
| 50–59 | 46 (23.1) | 27 (13.6) | 48 (24.1) | 23 (11.6) | ||||
| 60+ | 72 (27.6) | 34 (13.0) | 57 (21.8) | 26 (10.0) | ||||
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Primary | 3 (12.5) | 0.003 | 4 (16.7) | 0.4 | 5 (20.8) | 0.1 | 5 (20.8) | 0.01 |
| Vocational | 11 (9.6) | 16 (13.9) | 15 (13.0) | 8 (7.0) | ||||
| Secondary | 105 (21.3) | 70 (14.2) | 113 (22.9) | 48 (9.7) | ||||
| Higher | 110 (24.8) | 79 (17.8) | 99 (22.3) | 70 (15.8) | ||||
| Married | ||||||||
| Yes | 132 (23.5) | 0.06 | 78 (13.9) | 0.1 | 121 (21.6) | 0.9 | 62 (11.1) | 0.2 |
| No | 97 (18.8) | 91 (17.7) | 111 (21.6) | 69 (13.4) | ||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 83 (20.6) | 0.9 | 51 (12.7) | 0.1 | 81 (20.1) | 0.1 | 43 (10.7) | 0.6 |
| City | 30 (22.1) | 18 (13.2) | 41 (30.1) | 14 (10.3) | ||||
| City ≥20,000 | 49 (23.1) | 42 (19.8) | 48 (22.6) | 28 (13.2) | ||||
| City ≥100,000 | 41 (21.5) | 32 (16.8) | 36 (18.8) | 27 (14.1) | ||||
| City ≥500,000 inhabitants | 26 (19.4) | 26 (19.4) | 26 (19.4) | 19 (14.2) | ||||
| Number of household members | ||||||||
| 1 (living alone) | 29 (19.6) | 0.6 | 23 (15.5) | 0.9 | 26 (17.6) | 0.2 | 16 (10.8) | 0.6 |
| At least 2 persons | 200 (21.6) | 146 (15.7) | 206 (22.2) | 115 (12.4) | ||||
| Occupational status | ||||||||
| Active | 129 (19.8) | 0.1 | 105 (16.1) | 0.7 | 120 (18.4) | 0.002 | 78 (11.9) | 0.8 |
| Passive | 100 (23.6) | 64 (15.1) | 112 (26.5) | 53 (12.5) | ||||
| Self-reported economic status | ||||||||
| Good | 76 (18.4) | 0.08 | 61 (14.7) | 0.8 | 91 (22.0) | 0.9 | 53 (12.8) | 0.7 |
| Moderate | 88 (21.6) | 66 (16.2) | 86 (21.1) | 51 (12.5) | ||||
| Bad | 65 (25.6) | 42 (16.5) | 55 (21.7) | 27 (10.6) | ||||
| Having chronic diseases | ||||||||
| Yes | 132 (27.6) | 100 (20.9) | 127 (26.6) | 69 (14.4) | 0.04 | |||
| No | 97 (16.2) | 69 (11.5) | 105 (17.6) | 62 (10.4) | ||||
| Wearing spectacles/contact lenses | ||||||||
| Yes | 154 (25.9) | 97 (16.3) | 0.5 | 140 (23.6) | 0.1 | 83 (14.0) | 0.04 | |
| No | 75 (15.6) | 72 (14.9) | 92 (19.1) | 48 (10.0) | ||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 127 (21.8) | 0.01 | 95 (16.3) | 0.2 | 83 (14.2) | 0.02 | 75 (12.9) | 0.004 |
| Male | 76 (15.4) | 67 (13.6) | 48 (9.7) | 37 (7.5) | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 18–29 | 44 (20.1) | 0.8 | 36 (16.4) | 0.07 | 34 (15.5) | 0.03 | 32 (14.6) | 0.04 |
| 30–39 | 42 (19.9) | 21 (10.0) | 33 (15.6) | 21 (10.0) | ||||
| 40–49 | 30 (16.1) | 24 (12.9) | 25 (13.4) | 19 (10.2) | ||||
| 50–59 | 36 (18.1) | 31 (15.6) | 16 (8.0) | 24 (12.1) | ||||
| 60+ | 51 (19.5) | 50 (19.2) | 23 (8.8) | 16 (6.1) | ||||
| Educational level | ||||||||
| Primary | 3 (12.5) | 0.2 | 3 (12.5) | 0.9 | 3 (12.5) | 0.7 | 4 (16.7) | 0.5 |
| Vocational | 15 (13.0) | 18 (15.7) | 11 (9.6) | 8 (7.0) | ||||
| Secondary | 91 (18.4) | 74 (15.0) | 58 (11.7) | 52 (10.5) | ||||
| Higher | 94 (21.2) | 67 (15.1) | 59 (13.3) | 48 (10.8) | ||||
| Married | ||||||||
| Yes | 99 (17.6) | 0.3 | 88 (15.7) | 0.5 | 62 (11.1) | 0.2 | 42 (7.5) | 0.001 |
| No | 104 (20.2) | 74 (14.4) | 69 (13.4) | 70 (13.6) | ||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 77 (19.1) | 0.3 | 57 (14.1) | 0.7 | 47 (11.7) | 0.6 | 36 (8.9) | 0.8 |
| City | 21 (15.4) | 19 (14.0) | 18 (13.2) | 16 (11.8) | ||||
| City ≥20,000 | 37 (17.5) | 39 (18.4) | 21 (9.9) | 24 (11.3) | ||||
| City ≥100,000 | 34 (17.8) | 28 (14.7) | 24 (12.6) | 20 (10.5) | ||||
| City ≥500,000 inhabitants | 34 (25.4) | 19 (14.2) | 21 (15.7) | 16 (11.9) | ||||
| Number of household members | ||||||||
| 1 (living alone) | 28 (18.9) | 0.9 | 21 (14.2) | 0.8 | 20 (13.5) | 0.6 | 22 (14.9) | 0.06 |
| At least 2 persons | 175 (18.9) | 141 (15.2) | 111 (12.0) | 90 (9.7) | ||||
| Occupational status | ||||||||
| Active | 119 (18.2) | 0.5 | 85 (13.0) | 0.02 | 81 (12.4) | 0.8 | 66 (10.1) | 0.7 |
| Passive | 84 (19.9) | 77 (18.2) | 50 (11.8) | 46 (10.9) | ||||
| Self-reported economic status | ||||||||
| Good | 70 (16.9) | 0.4 | 59 (14.3) | 0.5 | 37 (8.9) | 0.04 | 36 (8.7) | 0.3 |
| Moderate | 80 (19.6) | 59 (14.5) | 59 (14.5) | 47 (11.5) | ||||
| Bad | 53 (20.9) | 44 (17.3) | 35 (13.8) | 29 (11.4) | ||||
| Having chronic diseases | ||||||||
| Yes | 106 (22.2) | 0.01 | 92 (19.2) | 67 (14.0) | 0.1 | 67 (14.0) | ||
| No | 97 (16.2) | 70 (11.7) | 64 (10.7) | 45 (7.5) | ||||
| Wearing spectacles/contact lenses | ||||||||
| Yes | 133 (22.4) | 0.001 | 100 (16.8) | 0.07 | 73 (12.3) | 0.9 | 64 (10.8) | 0.7 |
| No | 70 (14.5) | 62 (12.9) | 58 (12.0) | 48 (10.0) | ||||